Journal of value creating in Business Management

Abstract The present study aims to present a model to analyze the impact of smart management on university sports with the mediating role of Internet of Things technology. The research method is applicable according to its purpose; and a cross-sectional survey research design was used to collect the required data. The statistical population of this study consisted of all experts and sports experts from Azad Universities, Payam Noor, Amir Kabir University, and Arak University, as well as students who have used this technology in sports. Given the unlimited statistical population, a sample of 384 people was randomly selected. The data collection tools were a researcher-made questionnaire based on the opinions of experts and content analysis. SPSS and SMART PLS software were used to analyze the research findings. The results showed that the use of this technology has a significant effect on improving sports performance, preventing injuries, protecting athletes, as well as increasing accuracy and concentration in refereeing and observing justice in sports competitions; and the consequences of smart management performance, smart management educational factors, smart management organizational factors, smart management individual factors, and smart management technology factors have an effect on university sports in Markazi Province
Introduction
With the development of networks and the advancement of science and technology, people began to pay attention to the interaction between objects, which evolved and formed the Internet of Things. For the time being, the Internet of Things industry is still in the early stage of development, and it is expected that there is a lot of room for promotion and transformation in terms of technological innovations, standard development, and business forms. The Internet of Things industry is the key to the development of new strategic industries, and based on this environment, the application of the Internet of Things has a very high potential and space (Deng et al, 2019). Nowadays, IoT technology has gradually grown and focused on sensors, software, and other aspects; while supporting equipment for IoT, especially smart circuits, transmission networks, and other basic equipment has developed faster. According to the current situation, IoT has a wide range of applications, commercial, agricultural and service industries, which play a very important role in urban construction, environmental protection, urban security, intelligent transportation, etc. Challenges in various fields, especially in the sports industry, and the use of advanced IoT technology can bring great technological innovations, which can be used to promote the development of sports events. For the time being, IoT technology has made remarkable achievements in the fields of smart cities and smart industry. Some researchers and entrepreneurs have realized the great potential of IoT in the field of sports, such as smart stadiums and smart sportswear. The development of sports events is facing increasing growth, but the development of information technology is still relatively lagging behind; most of the operations of sports events remain only in the traditional implementation mode, the capacity of the organization is limited, and the overall operational efficiency is not high. The resource consumption is very high, and these problems seriously limit the sustainable development of sports events (Sezer et al, 2018). On the background of the development of Internet information technology, the development of sports events relying on information technology has become a trend; the importance of resource integration and optimization of the entire event management process has become inevitable, and the Internet of Things plays an important role in the field of sports events (Jagadeeswari et al, 2018). Therefore, considering the above points, the researcher tries to address the main question: what is the appropriate model to analyze the impact of smart management on university sports with the role of the intermediary of Internet of Things technology?
Theoretical Framework
Smart Management
Recent socio-economic and technological changes in business environments have enabled new ways of working based on flexible work arrangements and the widespread use of information technologies that support employees to potentially work anytime and anywhere. Such approaches are commonly referred to as “smart working” practices (Yu et al, 2022).
Internet of Things Technology
Connected technologies offer new types of services to final users, although the technologies themselves are often used as a ubiquitous set in their environment and (currently) are only visible through touchpoints such as smart devices and wearable technologies. Current projections suggest that within a decade, the Internet of Things will consist of billions of objects and devices or things that have the potential to seamlessly connect people to produce services and interact and share information about themselves and their environment to deliver services. Proponents of the Internet of Things interpret its emergence as “a new industrial revolution that will increase productivity, keep us healthier, make transportation more efficient, reduce energy needs, and mitigate climate change” (Akmandor et al, 2018).
Oliyaee et al, (2024) examined the design of the intelligent leadership model of education managers. The results indicated that 4 organizing themes: pragmatic management, knowledge management, organizational management, and team management were identified and confirmed; and the results showed that the components of the intelligent leadership model of education managers are knowledge management, organizational management, and team management, and pragmatic management.
Yu et al, (2022): Intelligent sports health management refers to the whole process of comprehensive monitoring, analysis, evaluation, provision of health advice and guidance, and intervention in health risk factors for individuals or groups. The emergence of Internet of Things technology has played an obvious role in intelligent sports health management and has realized the integration and optimal allocation of intelligent sports resources. At the same time, in the field of information technology, the emergence of cloud computing as a new computing mode enables people to directly obtain software and computing power through network applications to innovate the intelligent sports health management system and improve intelligent sports. Cloud computing health management system mainly realizes the storage capacity of huge data and distributed computing capacity through processor computing, virtualization technology, distributed storage technology, broadband Internet technology, and automatic management technology. Based on the Internet of Things technology and cloud computing, and taking sports intelligent management as the research carrier, an intelligent sports health management system is designed, which presents a new effort to use advanced information technology to help the sports health intelligent management system.
Research Methodology
The research method is applicable according to its purpose; and a cross-sectional survey research design was used to collect the required data. The statistical population of this study consisted of all sports experts and experts from Azad Universities, Payam Noor University, Amir Kabir University and Arak University, as well as students who have used this technology in sports. Due to the unlimited statistical population, a sample of 384 people was randomly selected. The data collection tools were a researcher-made questionnaire based on the opinions of experts and content analysis.
Research findings
SPSS and SMART PLS software were used to analyze the research findings. The results showed that the use of this technology has a significant effect on improving sports performance, preventing injuries, protecting athletes, as well as increasing accuracy and concentration in refereeing and observing justice in sports competitions, and the consequences of smart management performance, smart management educational factors, smart management organizational factors, smart management individual factors, and smart management technology factors have an effect on university sports in Markazi Province.
Conclusion
The present study aimed to provide a model to analyze the impact of smart management on university sports with the mediating role of Internet of Things technology. These results are consistent with the results of Oliyaee et al, (2024), Yu et al, (2022), Mohammadi & Ghaedi (2020), Wu et al, (2022), Ren et al, (2021), Song (2022), and Li et al, (2021). Ren et al, (2021) showed that this process is made of two aspects of process information and operation information, based on the information system of each link of the Internet of Things support, a strategic information management system platform. This can solve the problem of integrated management of strategic information process, receiving, storing, filtering and tracking information, and controlling the operation of the strategic management system. In the stage of sports information management, combined with the Internet of Things technology, we should do sports artificial intelligence management and information knowledge exploration well. In the development of sports in the context of the Internet of Things, we should combine the needs of sports information management and the state of the Internet of Things technology to realize scientific and standardized management for the highest efficiency of sports goods under the Internet.
According to the research results, the following suggestions were put forward:
1- Assessing the quality of intelligent management of academic sports in universities based on multivariate statistical analysis and regression analysis is an emerging evaluation method expected to be applied in a wider range of educational scenarios.
2- It is suggested that administrators facilitate appropriate procedures for implementing smart management of university sports in the education and competition sectors, and that flexible university structures be used.

Abstract The aim of this study is to present a paradigmatic model for empowering entrepreneurial skills of people with physical and motor disabilities. The research method is fundamental in terms of its purpose, and qualitative in terms of its implementation method. The statistical population of the study is 14 academic experts, welfare experts, and disabled people with entrepreneurial capabilities in Kermanshah province. The samples were selected using purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews. The data analysis and coding method and MAXQDA software were used to analyze the research data. The results of the study showed that the model designed with 21 indicators, including causal conditions (networking and innovation, financial and legal support, appropriate facilities and infrastructure, education and skills training), background conditions (economic changes, awareness and acceptance, government policies and laws, socio-economic), intervening conditions (environmental and natural factors, civil institutions, individual and psychological factors, social and cultural changes), the central category (empowering the entrepreneurial skills of people with physical and motor disabilities), strategies (assessment programs, designing for specific markets, developing soft skills, promoting cooperative models and creating specific platforms), and consequences (increasing economic independence, improving the quality of life, and economic developments) explained the factors affecting the empowerment of the entrepreneurial skills of people with physical and motor disabilities. The results of the study showed that empowering the entrepreneurial skills of people with disabilities can be carried out through targeted and comprehensive training programs, which leads to the promotion of technical and managerial skills, strengthening soft skills, and improving entrepreneurship in people with disabilities.
Introduction
Employment is often considered one of the most central areas for creating social security and participation of people with disabilities in society. However, people with disabilities are often far from the labor market around the world (Norstedt & Germundsson, 2021). According to the International Labor Organization, people with disabilities constitute approximately 15 percent of the world's population, and approximately 80 percent of them are of working age. The lack of access of many people with disabilities to higher education or entrepreneurial opportunities has led to their exclusion from social, economic, and political activities (Hsieh et al., 2019). Furthermore, the first World Disability Report published by the World Bank and the World Health Organization indicates that people with disabilities face higher rates of poverty and fewer economic opportunities than people without disabilities (Mang'eni, 2021). Since people with disabilities often face challenges in entering the labor market, entrepreneurship is often seen as an opportunity for them to gain employment and income (Norstedt & Germundsson, 2021). Over the past two decades, entrepreneurship has received serious attention as a poverty alleviation approach to address the prevalence of unemployment and underemployment among people with disabilities. According to statistics, a higher percentage of people with disabilities are engaged in entrepreneurial activity compared to the general population. The reason for the tendency of people with disabilities to entrepreneurship and self-employment is the lack of alternative employment opportunities (Caldwell et al., 2016).
According to statistics from the General Welfare Department of Kermanshah Province, 46,000 disabled people live in Kermanshah Province, which is higher than the national average. Of these, 24,975 live in urban areas and the rest in rural areas. Of these, only a small number, 1,587 or 4 percent, are employed, while the rest, 2,350 or 6 percent, are disabled, 203 or 0.5 percent are retired, and the majority, 27,712 or 68.83 percent, are unemployed (Kermanshah Welfare Department, 2018). These statistics indicate that the unemployment rate of disabled people in Kermanshah Province is disproportionately high, and disabled people face greater challenges and obstacles to employment and entrepreneurship due to limited job and entrepreneurship opportunities and deprivations from financial and development resources and facilities. Therefore, despite the attention paid to the issue of entrepreneurial empowerment of the disabled at the global level and the conduct of some research in this field, studies in this field have been neglected at the domestic level, and except in a few cases, the issue of entrepreneurial empowerment of the disabled and the identification of its enabling factors have not been studied and investigated. Thus, the weakness of systematic and exploratory studies using a qualitative approach in this field is evident, and this indicates a major theoretical and research gap in this field. On the other hand, studies in the field of entrepreneurial empowerment of the disabled show that a comprehensive model that includes all the factors in this field has not been conducted so far, and conducting this research can reduce the theoretical gaps in this field and enrich the research literature in it. The present study was conducted with the aim of systematically examining and presenting and explaining a comprehensive paradigmatic model. Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer the question: What are the main influential components, consequences, and strategies for empowering the entrepreneurial skills of people with disabilities? What is the paradigmatic model for empowering the entrepreneurial skills of people with disabilities?
Theoretical Framework
The World Health Organization defines disability as a complex phenomenon resulting from the interaction between individual characteristics and the social environment, and defines people with disabilities as people who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which, in interaction with various barriers, may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others (Barba-Sánchez et al., 2024). Disability is both a cause and a consequence of poverty. People with disabilities are disadvantaged in terms of education and finding suitable employment, which results in poverty. The living conditions of poor people can also lead to some form of disability. People with disabilities may be of different types and have diverse abilities and interests; but they all experience a common problem, which is their economic deprivation due to disability. The adverse impact of disability on education and employment has been confirmed by various researchers, and encouraging entrepreneurship among people with disabilities has been suggested to achieve faster and better economic integration (Uddin & Jamil, 2020).
Vala et al., (2023), in examining the relationship between personal and environmental barriers and entrepreneurship among people with disabilities in Yazd province, concluded that personal and environmental barriers have a significant relationship with entrepreneurship among people with disabilities, and self-confidence plays a moderating role in the relationship between personal barriers and entrepreneurship among people with disabilities. According to Mang'eni (2021), the most important drivers of entrepreneurship growth among people with disabilities in Kenya are government support, entrepreneurship training, and social support; while lack of trust in government institutions, lack of infrastructure, and lack of financial support are the most important deterrents.
Barba-Sánchez et al., (2024), in their research, answered the question of how entrepreneurship creates life satisfaction among people with intellectual disabilities. They concluded that entrepreneurship of people with intellectual disabilities who have become entrepreneurs has a positive effect on their quality of life, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction.
Research Methodology
The present research is fundamental in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of approach, and is exploratory and data-based. The research community consisted of academic experts, experts from the General Directorate of Welfare, and physically and motorically disabled entrepreneurs in Kermanshah province. To determine the research samples, a theoretical and purposive sampling method was used. The criterion for determining the sample size was the fulfillment of the theoretical saturation rule, which was achieved after 14 interviews. Semi-structured and in-depth interviews were used to collect research data. Based on the data-driven method, the research analysis process was carried out simultaneously with data collection in three stages of open, axial and selective coding. In order to ensure the validity, validation, accuracy and robustness of the research data, Lincoln and Guba's four criteria were used (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). To measure reliability, the test-retest reliability method was used.
Research findings
MAXQDA software was used to analyze the data through coding. The results of the research showed that the designed model with 21 indicators including causal conditions (networking and innovation, financial and legal support, appropriate facilities and infrastructure, education and skills training), background conditions (economic changes, awareness and acceptance, government policies and laws, socio-economic), intervening conditions (environmental and natural factors, civil institutions, individual and psychological factors, social and cultural changes), the central category (empowering the entrepreneurial skills of people with physical and motor disabilities), strategies (assessment programs, designing for specific markets, developing soft skills, promoting cooperative models and creating specific platforms), and consequences (increasing economic independence, improving the quality of life and economic developments) explained the factors affecting the empowerment of the entrepreneurial skills of people with physical and motor disabilities.
Conclusion
The main goal of this study was to conceptualize, design, and explain a paradigmatic model for empowering entrepreneurial skills with a special focus on people with physical and motor disabilities, using a qualitative research method and a data-based approach. The results of the study showed that the model designed with 21 indicators, including causal conditions (networking and innovation, financial and legal support, appropriate facilities and infrastructure, education and skills training), background conditions (economic changes, awareness and acceptance, government policies and laws, socio-economic), intervening conditions (environmental and natural factors, civil institutions, individual and psychological factors, social and cultural changes), the central category (empowering the entrepreneurial skills of people with physical and motor disabilities), strategies (assessment programs, designing for specific markets, developing soft skills, promoting cooperative models and creating specific platforms), and consequences (increasing economic independence, improving the quality of life, and economic developments) explained the factors affecting the empowerment of the entrepreneurial skills of people with physical and motor disabilities. The results of this study are consistent with the evidence in the studies of Vafaei et al., (2021), Nakhaee et al., (2023), Vala et al., (2023), Talaie et al., (2023), Salamzadeh et al., (2020), Mang'eni (2021), Amwe & Dala (2023), and Barba-Sánchez et al., (2024).
Based on the research findings, practical suggestions are presented as follows. In order to apply and implement strategies to empower the entrepreneurial skills of the disabled, it is suggested that managers of responsible organizations such as the Welfare Department and the Relief Committee pay attention to the paradigmatic model extracted from the research and its components, especially the causal factors, contextual factors, and identified strategies. The results of this research can be a basis for managers and policymakers to plan to improve the entrepreneurial capabilities and skills of the disabled. Also, creating an online networking platform specifically for disabled entrepreneurs that includes discussion forums, online meetings, and training courses in the field of innovation and entrepreneurship can be productive in this regard. It is also suggested that a joint investment fund be launched in cooperation with the government and the private sector that specifically provides low-interest loans with long-term repayment to disabled entrepreneurs. Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge all individuals, institutions, and organizations that provided scientific, technical, administrative, or advisory support throughout this research and the preparation of this manuscript. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial, personal, professional, or institutional conflicts of interest relevant to this work. Data Availability Statement The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. AI Use Statement The authors declare that no generative artificial intelligence (AI) or AI-assisted technologies were used in the preparation, writing, or editing of this manuscript. Funding The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other financial support were received during the conduct of this research or the preparation of this manuscript. Ethics Approval All procedures performed in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible institutional and national research committee.

Abstract The aim of the present study is to design a customer relationship management model based on artificial intelligence in digital marketing of services in the health tourism industry. The research method is applicable in terms of its purpose, and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of its implementation method. The statistical population of the qualitative part of the study includes 14 experts and scholars in the field of marketing and artificial intelligence selected by the snowball sampling method. The statistical population in the quantitative part includes experts and marketing managers related to health tourism in Tehran. Given that their exact number cannot be calculated, a maximum number of 384 people was considered based on the Morgan and Cergesi table. Data collection in the qualitative part was carried out through semi-structured interviews, and in the quantitative part through questionnaires. The coding method was used in the qualitative part data analysis, and SPSS and Lisrel software were used in the quantitative part. The results of the study showed that the causal conditions in the study include improving market competition, improving relationships, automated data analysis, and empowerment; and the background conditions include customer data management and intelligent services. Also, the intervening conditions include efficient planning, saving resources, and managing customer behavior. The strategies in the study include solving the integration problem, solving the information management problem, and solving planning problems; and the outcomes include increasing customer satisfaction, increasing financial strength, customer loyalty, and saving time. The results of the structural equations show that the dimensions are well loaded on the research variables and can provide a suitable description of the variables.
Introduction
The activity of customer relationship management includes collecting, managing, and intelligently using data with the support of technology solutions to develop long-term customer relationships. Data obtained from all customer touchpoints, if managed well, can support companies in creating personalized marketing responses, generating new ideas, tailoring products and services, and thus delivering high customer value and gaining competitive advantage (Agarwal et al., 2021). In the digital age, the increase in the volume, velocity, and variety of data, as well as its processing capacity, has led to new technological solutions, including the advancement of artificial intelligence techniques, which refers to the ability of a system to correctly interpret large amounts of data, learn from this data, and use this learning to achieve specific goals and tasks (Ahmed et al., 2020). Artificial intelligence seems to be the future of the industry, and the focus of this technology on putting consumers at the center of health and well-being and ensuring that patients’ daily patterns and healthcare professionals’ needs are observed to provide improved guidance, support, and feedback, and ultimately customer relationship management in the health tourism industry will be of great importance in the future (Al Sayed, 2024).
A review of the role of data in the health tourism sector shows that the data required for the impact of AI on service delivery, especially in health tourism, is still limited (Dalkıran, 2023). Artificial intelligence can provide opportunities for health tourism service providers (Cubric, 2020). New customer relationship management features, such as personality insight services, website formation, chatbot services, programmatic advertising, and facial, image, and face recognition technologies, require significant data to be collected in real time, which is almost impossible to implement without advances in AI. Along with the relevance of AI in the business world, universities also claim that AI is the next step towards a new and more powerful customer relationship management (Rabbi, 2024).
Therefore, this research seeks to answer the question: How does the design of an AI-based customer relationship management model in digital marketing of services in the health tourism industry look like?
Theoretical Framework
Digital Marketing
Digital marketing means using the Internet, mobile devices, social media, search engines and other channels to reach customers. Some marketing experts consider digital marketing to be a completely new endeavor that requires a new way of approaching customers and new ways of understanding how customers behave compared to traditional marketing (Barone, 2021(.
Customer Relationship Management
Customer relationship management involves the intelligent collection, management and use of data supported by technology solutions to develop long-term customer relationships and exceptional customer experiences (Ledro et al., 2022).
Artificial Intelligence on Customer Relationship Management
Artificial intelligence is impacting customer relationship management. Artificial intelligence has revolutionized customer relationship management by automating tasks, providing deeper insights, and creating more personalized experiences for customers. Artificial intelligence enhances the automation process in customer relationship management, freeing up human resources to focus on more complex issues in the work (Ahmed, 2025).
Ponomarenko et al. (2024) in their research on the topic “Application of Artificial Intelligence in Digital Marketing” reported that it is important to identify the main directions of using artificial intelligence to optimize marketing strategies of companies in the digital environment in conditions of intensifying competition on the Internet. Artificial intelligence is considered as a tool for qualitative transformations in the use of digital marketing tools based on various information generated in the global network. The methodological basis of this study is a comprehensive analysis of scientific approaches to the implementation of artificial intelligence in the field of digital marketing, the formation of a database for modeling and identifying optimal machine learning algorithms to ensure the competitiveness of brands. A scheme of the main sources of information that should be used by the company to implement artificial intelligence algorithms in the process of increasing the effectiveness of the use of digital marketing tools is developed on the Internet. Digital marketing tools are presented to be utilized to communicate with the target audience in the long term and ensure the economically feasible level of conversion. The main stages of interaction of companies with audiences on the Internet using modern machine learning algorithms are presented. The main directions of using artificial intelligence in digital marketing have been identified, which enables the company to achieve a high level of loyalty among users based on personalized interaction models.
Baran et al. (2023) in their research on “Next Generation Technologies in Health Tourism” reported that the developments in the field of digitalization in health tourism were initially focused on e-health technologies and suggested that managers and employees should be prepared for the profound transformation created by technology.
Research Methodology
The research method is applicable in terms of its purpose, and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of its implementation method. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative section includes 14 experts and specialists in the field of marketing and artificial intelligence, selected by the snowball sampling method. The statistical population in the quantitative section includes experts and marketing managers related to health tourism in Tehran, and given that their exact number cannot be calculated, the maximum number was considered to be 384 people according to the Morgan and Gergesi table. Data collection in the qualitative part was done through semi-structured interviews, and in the quantitative part through questionnaires.
Research findings
Coding method was used in the qualitative part data analysis, and SPSS and Lisrel software were used in the quantitative part. The research results showed that the causal conditions in the research include improving market competition, improving relationships, automatic data analysis, and empowerment; and the background conditions include customer data management and intelligent services. Also, the intervening conditions include efficient planning, saving resources, and managing customer behavior. The strategies in the research include solving the integration problem, solving the information management problem, and solving planning problems; and the outcomes include increasing customer satisfaction, increasing financial strength, customer loyalty, and saving time. The results of structural equations show that the dimensions are well loaded on the research variables and can provide a suitable description of the variables.
Conclusion
The present study aimed to design an AI-based customer relationship management model in digital marketing of services in the health tourism industry. The results of this part of the study are consistent with the findings of Abdollahi (2021), Ghasemi (2019), Ribeiro et al. (2021), Ramon Saura et al. (2021), Al Sayed (2024), and Ponomarenko et al. (2024). AI in customer relationship management involves the integration of intelligent technologies to analyze customer data, predict behaviors, and automate interactions. This integration enhances the capabilities of traditional customer relationship management systems, making them more efficient and responsive to customer needs. AI-based customer relationship management systems provide the tools needed to achieve these goals and provide insights and automation that were previously unavailable.
According to the research results, the following suggestion was made:
Based on the role of artificial intelligence in customer data management and automated data analysis, it can be suggested to develop artificial intelligence in tourism service marketing because with artificial intelligence, businesses can use historical data to predict customer behavior and anticipate customer needs. Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge all individuals, institutions, and organizations that provided scientific, technical, administrative, or advisory support throughout this research and the preparation of this manuscript. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial, personal, professional, or institutional conflicts of interest relevant to this work. Data Availability Statement The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. AI Use Statement The authors declare that no generative artificial intelligence (AI) or AI-assisted technologies were used in the preparation, writing, or editing of this manuscript. Funding The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other financial support were received during the conduct of this research or the preparation of this manuscript. Ethics Approval All procedures performed in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible institutional and national research committee.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to provide a model to identify the role of social communication capital and the ability to take advantage of international business opportunities. The research method is applicable in terms of purpose, mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of execution method, and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part includes 17 experts from the country's petrochemical industry, and in the quantitative part, it includes 108 experts from the international trade department of the petrochemical industry; selected by a simple random sampling method. Data collection in the qualitative part was carried out by semi-structured interviews; and in the quantitative part by the questionnaire. Qualitative data analysis was done using the method of theme analysis and coding and MAXQDA software, and in the quantitative part, it was done using SPSS and Smart PLS software. In the qualitative section, 90 open codes and 14 categories were identified. In the quantitative part, confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the validity of the identified elements and components of the model of the role of social communication capital in the ability to take advantage of international business opportunities in the petrochemical industry. The results of the research showed that the model of the role of social communication capital in the ability to take advantage of international business opportunities in the petrochemical industry has two main factors and their indicators. This model consists of indicators that are the core and heart of this model. Also, the GOF index was obtained 0.44, which indicates the good fit of the model.
Introduction
The variety of needs and demands, and the change in the pattern of production and consumption and, as therefore, life as a result of significant advances in technology have made it impossible to live within the borders of a country, so that internal border relations have turned into international relations in a very broad sense, and even the disappearance of these borders is also expectable. Different nations with different cultures, policies and economic and social conditions need to exchange goods and services to meet their diverse needs. Due to these new conditions and new needs, different societies have started trading with other countries and at this time opportunities have been created to increase commercial activities. Among these opportunities, we can mention export, non-oil export, and joint cooperation (Ahoei, 2019). International business opportunities are the possible opportunities that organizations face due to their presence in foreign markets (Muzychenko, 2008). Various factors can contribute to its non-development. In this research, social communication capital is one of the factors whose role is investigated in using international business opportunities. Social capital or social bonds that are placed in different cultural contexts are important and valuable resources that bring the meaning of identity to people's minds. This type of identity concept will give them a positive emotional experience (Shan & Tian, ​​2022). Social capital is a comprehensive concept that takes into account the social aspect of human interaction and enables access to the resources of members of the association or network due to their membership in the association (Christy et al, 2022). Social capital refers to the characteristics of social organization such as trust, norms, and networks that can improve the efficiency of society by facilitating coordinated actions (Salisua et al, 2019). Therefore, this research aims to take an effective step in the direction of improving social communication capital and consequently empowering the performance of the country's petrochemical industry. As mentioned, today's organizations are under the influence of factors such as increased global competition, sudden transformations, the need for quality and after-sales services, and the existence of limited resources and under a lot of pressure. After years of experience, the world has come to the conclusion that if an organization wants to be a leader in its economy and business affairs and not lag behind in the field of competition, organizations must be empowered and be able to use this empowerment in line with practical action. Therefore, in this research, we are looking for an answer to this question: how to identify the role of social communication capital and the ability to take advantage of international business opportunities?
Theoretical Framework
Social capital
Social capital refers to features of social organization such as trust, norms, and networks that are able to improve the efficiency of society by facilitating cooperative actions. It is stated that social capital can be simply defined as the existence of a certain set of norms with informal values ​​that the members of a group with cooperation among them, share in it (Alwani, 2015).
International marketing opportunities
Internationalization is a step-by-step process of international business development, whereby a company is increasingly involved in international business operations through specific products in selected markets. To adapt the organization to the needs and preferences of customers, marketing knowledge is required to be created and disseminated among functional departments within an organization (Muzychenko, 2008). The export company must acquire the necessary and complete knowledge of the international marketing environment in order to increase the possibility of its success. The marketing environment includes forces that directly and indirectly affect the performance of the organization. For an organization, changes in the marketing environment create uncertainty, threats, and opportunities (Alaghehmand Shandi & Joybari, 2023).
Mahmoudi & Pourshahabi (2023) investigated the effect of the value of financial intelligence on the risk-taking of Zahedan National Bank employees with the mediating role of social capital. Analyzing the model and carrying out structural equations showed that financial intelligence with the mediating role of social capital cannot affect employees' risk taking. Also, the results showed that financial intelligence has a separate effect on the two variables of risk-taking and social capital.
Alaghehmand Shandi & Joybari (2023) investigated ethical challenges and opportunities in international business: a look at ethical values ​​as the most important assets of international businesses. The results show how ethical values ​​can be considered as the most important assets of international businesses. Some of the main ethical barriers in international business include corruption, unfavorable working conditions, and lack of respect for human rights. Also, some of the opportunities in international business include strengthening cultural connections, observing ethical principles in business relationships, and promoting transparency and accountability. Finally, this paper concludes that adherence to ethical values ​​can serve as a competitive advantage for international businesses and help local and global communities to improve.
Research methodology
The research method is applicable in terms of purpose, mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of execution method, and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part includes 17 experts from the country's petrochemical industry, and in the quantitative part, it includes 108 experts from the international trade department of the petrochemical industry; selected by a simple random sampling method. Data collection in the qualitative part was carried out by semi-structured interviews; and in the quantitative part by the questionnaire.
Research findings
Qualitative data analysis was done using the method of theme analysis and coding and MAXQDA software, and in the quantitative part, it was done using SPSS and Smart PLS software. In the qualitative section, 90 open codes and 14 categories were identified. In the quantitative part, confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the validity of the identified elements and components of the model of the role of social communication capital in the ability to take advantage of international business opportunities in the petrochemical industry. The results of the research showed that the model of the role of social communication capital in the ability to take advantage of international business opportunities in the petrochemical industry has two main factors and their indicators. This model consists of indicators that are the core and heart of this model. Also, the GOF index was obtained 0.44, which indicates the good fit of the model.
Conclusion
The current research was conducted with the aim of providing a model to identify the role of social communication capital and the ability to take advantage of international business opportunities. The results of this research are in agreement with the results of Mahmoudi & Pourshahabi (2023), Alaghehmand Shandi & Joybari (2023), Shariatnejad et al, (2023), Tajpor et al, (2022), Troise et al, (2020), Noruzi et al, (2019), and Pinho (2016). Noruzi et al, (2019) showed that social capital in a specific market and social capital at the international level have a direct and positive effect on taking advantage of business opportunities; on the other hand, social capital at the international level has a positive and meaningful effect on social capital in a specific market.
According to the results of the research, the following suggestions were presented:
Based on the research findings and confirmation of the effectiveness of inter-organizational cooperation, it is suggested that the training of human resources and empowerment in the field of inter-organizational cooperation in the organization should be included in the organization's programs, and increase employees' knowledge of different cultures through training courses and holding scientific meetings and scientific journals and... so that employees believe in it and respect it in the work environment.

Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge all individuals, institutions, and organizations that provided scientific, technical, administrative, or advisory support throughout this research and the preparation of this manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial, personal, professional, or institutional conflicts of interest relevant to this work.
Data Availability Statement
The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
AI Use Statement
The authors declare that no generative artificial intelligence (AI) or AI-assisted technologies were used in the preparation, writing, or editing of this manuscript.
Funding
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Ethics Approval
All procedures performed in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible institutional and national research committee.

Abstract Abstract The purpose of this research is to provide a model of managerial competencies of women in the industry (case study: Sabah Food Company). The current research is applicable in terms of purpose, and descriptive-exploratory in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the present study included 10 female managers in the food industry. Sampling was done by a targeted technique. The collection tool in this research is a semi-structured interview. Data-based theory and MAXQDA18 software were used for data analysis. Based on the results of qualitative analysis, six categories of main factors including background factors, causal conditions, central phenomenon, interventionist, strategies, and consequences were identified as the main components of women's competence development. In this research, the establishment of women's management culture is reported as the most important condition for the development of women's competence. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the phenomenon of "glass ceiling" is the most important intervening factor in the development of the competences of women managers; women's empowerment as the most important strategy for the development of women's managerial competences; and gender equality and career advancement of women are the most important consequences of the development of competences of female managers; which is very important in terms of organization management. Extended Abstract Introduction Competency-based management has emerged from the integration of human resource planning with business planning, which allows organizations to align the current capacity of their managers and human resources with the competencies required to achieve predetermined organizational goals and missions (Emerson et al, 2018). It is very important to pay attention to the issue of merit-based management in developing countries, including Iran; because a large part of the waste of capital and time in the organizations of such countries is due to poor management and lack of attention to the competencies and capabilities of managers (Mahmudi et al, 2020). Paying attention to the issue of management based on competence in developing countries, including Iran, is very important; because a large part of the waste of capital and time in the organizations of such countries is due to poor management and lack of attention to the competencies and capabilities of managers (Mahmudi et al, 2020). On the other hand, in many developing countries, following the example of developed countries, the isomorphic imitation approach has been used, which evidence shows that the use of this method is not very effective due to social, cultural and political differences (Adachi et al, 2020). By placing these two propositions (the weakness of management in Iran, and the inefficiency of using models from other countries), the necessity of presenting a new model of competence of managers in Iran is well felt. During the last few decades, with a significant increase in the amount of employment of women in the society; the progress of women in management jobs has not grown much and in the division of human resources in organizations, consciously or unconsciously, women are marginalized and their achievement of high degrees and high levels of management is considered unusual and even unbearable (Mosadeghrad et al., 2020). Despite the decades of progress of women in obtaining university degrees and holding managerial positions, women are still a small minority in the field of organization management and leadership. Wide gender stereotypes and known organizational leadership styles that associate men more with the organization's leadership and senior management can create differential evaluations of male and female leaders and cause a gender gap in leadership. For these reasons, management science experts consider the persistent and pervasive gender gap in organization management as an urgent problem that requires innovative and effective solutions (Gloor et al, 2020). Therefore, the researcher tries to answer the question: what is the model of managerial competence of women in the industry? Theoretical Framework Merit The competency approach is not a new approach in human resource management and the Romans used it in an effort to achieve the detailed attributes of a good Roman soldier. However, the competency-based methodology was presented in its codified and modern form by the Hay-Macber company, whose founder was David McClelland, a prominent Harvard psychologist, in the late 1960s and early 1970s. McClelland began by defining competency variables that could predict job performance and were not influenced by gender, race, or socioeconomic factors. His studies helped identify different aspects of performance (Aqqad et al, 2019). Women's managerial competence Management competencies are management skills and behaviors that contribute to the superior performance of the organization. By using the competency-based approach in management, organizations can identify their next generation of managers in a better way and develop the required skills in them. In today's work environment, women face many challenges in the career field. Some of these include the lack of female role models and mentors, unconscious bias in hiring decisions, and lack of opportunities for senior management roles. Women have natural leadership skills that they use to get things done. They are not afraid to show their emotions and are great at building relationships with their people. Women also have a natural ability to empathize with other people. They can connect emotionally, which is why they often make great leaders. Leadership skills for women often differ from men. The characteristics, skills and styles that make a woman an exceptional leader are often quite different from their male counterparts (Javed et al, 2023). Almutairi et al, (2022) conducted a study titled Investigating managerial competencies and organizational commitment among female nurses in public hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The results showed that managerial competence and organizational commitment were reported as moderate among the sample. Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between the variables of managerial competence and organizational commitment. Khodadadi et al, (2022) conducted a study titled identifying the pattern of educational competence of women to hold executive positions in Khuzestan Governorate. The findings of the research show that based on the considered criteria, key components were identified in each variable: and based on related criteria, in order to check the level of importance of each criteria and value these criteria in meeting the needs from the point of view of female employees, these variables were provided to the female employees of Khuzestan governorate to ask for their opinion. Research methodology The current research is applicable in terms of purpose and descriptive-exploratory in terms of nature and method. According to the nature and method of the research, the statistical population of this research includes people who have an opinion on the research problem. For this purpose, 10 female managers in the food industry (at different levels) are considered as a statistical population. Selection of people is done by snowball technique. The method of data collection is library and field studies and it has been cross-sectional in terms of time. The collection tool in this research is a semi-structured interview. In order to conduct interviews, two preliminary interviews were conducted with experts, and then ten main interviews were conducted. Data-base method (grounded theory) is used for data analysis. Research findings MAXQUDA software was used to analyze the qualitative data of this research. The findings of the research showed that the research model has a suitable fit with the collected data. Also, in order to improve the fit indices of the model, the suggested terms in accordance with the research literature were used and finally the research model was approved. In the background conditions based on the secondary coding results of the research; indicators of change in the traditional attitude governing the society, enjoying equal benefits and facilities, acceptance of women's management by subordinates, women's participation in organizational legislation, and revision of existing laws and regulations for the benefit of women was chosen as background categories in presenting the model of managerial competencies of women in the food industry. Based on the secondary coding results of the research; indicators of analytical and critical thinking, creative thinking, strategic thinking, systemic thinking, general and specialized knowledge, research skills, presenting innovative and scientific ideas, sufficient knowledge and expertise, work commitment, emotional intelligence, responsibility and accountability, self-esteem and self-confidence, self-awareness and insight, order and discipline, confidentiality and solving interpersonal conflicts, criticism and recommendability were selected as categories of causal conditions in presenting the model of managerial competencies of women in the food industry, and based on the secondary coding results of the research; indicators of the use of information systems, monitoring and control, planning and organizing, guiding and providing advice, problem solving power, increasing the participation of people in teamwork, and conflict management were selected as the central phenomenon category in presenting the model of managerial competencies of women in the food industry. Based on the results of the secondary coding of the research, the indicators of creating a fit between the ability and the assigned task, resolving the conflict between work and family, working experience and mastering one's profession, updating one's knowledge, awareness and expertise were selected as a category of strategies and actions in presenting the model of managerial competencies of women in the food industry. Based on the results of the secondary coding of the research, the indicators of negative attitudes of the society towards women's management, patriarchal rule and gender stereotypes, the absence of women in political groups, the presence of religious prejudices, household responsibilities and family restrictions were chosen as the category of interfering conditions in presenting the model of women's managerial competencies in the industry Food items. Conclusion Based on the obtained results, it was found that the "glass ceiling" phenomenon is the most important interfering factor in the development of female managers' competencies. Empowering women was identified as the most important strategy for developing women's managerial competence. Based on the results obtained in this research, it was found that gender equality and career advancement of women are the most important consequences of developing the competence of female managers, which is very important in terms of organization management. The results of this research are in agreement with the results of Almutairi et al, (2022), Khodadadi et al, (2022), Shamshiri & Keshavarzi (2021), Cosentino & Paoloni (2021), Gloor et al, (2020), Kabir (2020), Damm-Ganamet (2020), Soleimani et al, (2020), Cohen et al, (2020), and Sellers & Akers (2018). Gloor et al, (2020) showed that when the gender composition of the management group is male, then the chance of success of female managers decreases, but when the gender composition is more balanced, then female managers get a lot of support. They also showed that the gender of the leader (manager) and the gender composition of the organization's management group interact with each other, which affects the level of trust of employees in the female manager. In total, the results of this research indicate the significant effects of the gender composition of employees on the success of female managers in the organization. Hariri (2020) showed that women have a long and difficult way to express their abilities and worthiness in this field, because despite women's competence in obtaining managerial positions; the society, as it should, have not played a significant role for them at this level. Even in matters related to women, most of the high level managers are men, and middle level management is commited to women.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to understand the women working in the public sector about the organizational climate in the path of employment and promotion. According to its purpose, the research method is applied, and in terms of implementation, it is qualitative, of thematic analysis type, and in terms of its nature, it is fundamental and descriptive. The statistical population of the research includes 14 women working in the central bank, and the sampling was done in a purposeful and snowball manner, and the interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview. For data analysis, MAXQDA 2020 software was used for coding. The results show that 60 themes as basic themes, 15 organizing themes (unsupportive environment, positive organizational climate, bee syndrome, legal gap, empowerment, lack of protective laws, discriminatory structure of recruitment and promotion, gender bias, hierarchical relationship, etc.) work, incompatibility of job structure and family obligations, measuring productivity, job identity, individual characteristics, women's needs) and finally after comparing and analyzing the themes of the organizer, 3 main categories under the title of inclusive themes (ruling atmosphere from women's point of view, possibility Employment in the middle to upper level, women's belief about career advancement) was identified and finally, the model of public sector working women's understanding of the organizational climate in the path of employment and promotion was identified. Extended Abstract Introduction In today's world, development is referred to as a concept that has global attention, especially in developing countries; and achieving its different dimensions is always present in planning and targeting. Achieving development is not only very important in itself, but faster achieving of it is also very important among the countries of the world as a privilege in this competitive world. In order to speed up the development process, it is necessary for societies to use their human resources efficiently. Development is a multidimensional concept that can be examined from different perspectives. Among the key factors of development, human resources are the main capital of any organization and country (Gheitasi & Azizi, 2020). Currently, the role of women is an undeniable priority for organizations and development planners (Abbas Zadeh, 2015). Today's world is rapidly moving towards the era of globalization (Arora et al, 2020). Despite all the efforts and progress to change the shape of the economy and the mentality of the society, the slow growth of women in organizations still exists due to the challenges of a completely competitive world. On one hand, the need for women's employment and the positive changes occurred over the years motivate them to keep pace with men; and on the other hand, they do not feel the necessary supportive atmosphere to believe in their abilities to face the challenges before them. (Rajabi Nezhad, 2021). Based on this, the current research is looking for an answer to this question: What is the perception of women working in the public sector about the organizational climate in the path of employment and promotion? Theoretical Framework Development management Development management is a concept that refers to two subsets of development of management and management of development. The development of management takes the necessary measures in order to improve the administrative capacity for development, and management of development is said to be a set of organized efforts and targeted programs of the administrative system that are in line with the national development goals (Vaezi et al, 2021). Women's participation and development Development is a change that is consciously planned and implemented by a nation and government towards modernity. It is also possible to provide a simpler understanding of development as "the process of change in a desirable direction through planned efforts." From the above two definitions, it can be concluded that "participation" is the key to success in achieving the country's development goals. In the implementation of participatory approaches in order to achieve development goals, it is very important to attract the participation of stakeholders, and therefore awareness and reward methods may be used to encourage people to participate in the implementation of development programs (Bagheri et al, 2019). The social, political and economic participation of the people in the decisions and determining the policies of any society causes the sustainable and all-round development of that society (Moghiseh, 2020), and a development is sustainable that solves the current needs in such a way that the ability of the future generations do not compromise in meeting their needs (Amirbeyki Langroudi et al, 2020). Women and management of organizations In today's world, the quality and capability of human resources ensures the prosperity of organizations. Considering that the success of organizations depends on the use of different expertise and considering that women have special capabilities in creating a dynamic atmosphere, healthy culture, effective communication, and creativity and innovation in the organization; therefore, it seems that creating the necessary conditions for increasing the presence of women in the management category and developing their skills is of particular importance (Ahmadi et al, 2017). Danesh Nari (2021) in a research investigated the protection of employment laws for working women. This research, assuming that the legislator in Article 21 of the Constitution has addressed the necessity of creating special protections for women and in some cases also considered protections in the normal laws, seeks to answer the question whether the legislator, while paying attention to the rights of citizens, has considered a right in the law for working women? Nayyeri et al, (2021) investigated the lived experience of successful employees in their career path. The results of the research determined that people who achieve career success have different lived experiences in their career path that have affected their success. Research methodology According to its purpose, the research method is applicable; and in terms of its implementation, it is qualitative, of thematic analysis type; and in terms of its nature, it is fundamental and descriptive. The statistical population of the research includes 14 women working in the central bank, and the sampling was done in a purposeful and snowball way, and the interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview. Research findings For data analysis, MAXQDA 2020 software was used for coding. The results show that 60 themes as basic themes, 15 organizing themes (unsupportive environment, positive organizational climate, bee syndrome, legal gap, empowerment, lack of protective laws, discriminatory structure of recruitment and promotion, gender bias, hierarchical relationship, overtime work, incompatibility of job structure and family obligations, measuring productivity, job identity, individual characteristics, women's needs), and finally after comparing and analyzing the themes of the organizer, 3 main categories under the title of inclusive themes (ruling atmosphere from women's point of view, Employment possibility in the middle to upper level, women's belief about job advancement) was identified, and finally, the model of public sector working women's understanding of the organizational climate in the path of employment and promotion was identified. Conclusion The current research has been conducted with the aim of understanding the organizational atmosphere of women working in the public sector in the path of employment and promotion. Also, the results of this research corresponds with the results of Danesh Nari (2021), Nayyeri et al, (2021), Rahimian et al, (2020), Ezami (2020), Maynen (2021), Kaftandzieva & Nakov (2021), Casad et al, (2021) Nocco & Larson (2021), Calinaud et al, (2021), Molaei et al, (2020). Molaei et al, (2020) in a research, while investigating the issue of women's non-promotion, through a systematic review, meta-analyzed the research conducted on the topic of identifying obstacles to the promotion of women to management levels in Iran's government organizations. The findings stated that in the 80s, most of the researches considered the individual-family obstacles as the most important obstacles for the promotion of women to management levels. But in the following years, in addition to changing priorities, a new obstacle was also added to the promotion obstacles. As a result of the findings, the barriers to the promotion of women are categorized and prioritized into four general categories: social-cultural barriers (gender stereotypes and the dominance of patriarchal culture), political barriers (absence of women in power circles, absence of women in political parties and groups, women's inability to lobby). Organizational barriers (the organization's lack of trust in women, management as a man's prerogative, women's lack of presence in informal communication networks), and finally personal-family barriers (women's lack of self-confidence, women's lack of motivation to progress, and women's double responsibility in the family). According to the results of the research, the following suggestions are presented: The studied working women dislike injustice, discrimination and job problems, so that it is even possible that these cases will motivate and force them to leave their jobs, resign or change their workplace. As a result, it is recommended that organizations put meritocracy in the center of their cultural programs to effectively use women's capacities in business. The most important problems of women - from their own point of view - have been declared to be the traditional attitude of senior managers, lack of fair distribution of benefits, and unequal conditions for job promotion by other employees. If organizations want to use women's talents in jobs, they should consider eliminating or reducing these problems. In other words, organizations should fight with these attitudes through cultural programs, and while promoting meritocracy by publishing the achievements of working women, change the way of thinking of senior managers and other workers. Working women have declared prejudice and traditional attitudes and the lack of equal conditions as obstacles to their promotion. Therefore, the organizations that want to benefit from this abundant force should put the adjustment of these attitudes in the cultural and educational agenda. A specific suggestion in this field is to compile core values ​​and establish values ​​such as equality and eliminating discrimination. In addition, it is suggested to revise the systems and structures in order to eliminate the discrimination caused by gender.