Journal of value creating in Business Management

Abstract Abstract The purpose of this research is to design a commercialization model for knowledge-based products in the country's pharmaceutical industry. The current research is applicable in terms of its purpose, mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of implementation, type of thematic analysis, and an exploratory research in terms of its nature. The statistical population of the research included 12 experts in the qualitative part by non-probability sampling with multiple strategies (intensity and snowball), and in the quantitative part included 151 employees of knowledge-based companies. The research collection tools are semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. To analyze data through coding, MAXQDA software and SPSS and PLS software were used in the quantitative part. The results showed that the formation of the concept of commercialization indicators of knowledge-based goods in the country's pharmaceutical industry includes 67 concepts in the form of 9 major concepts. During the investigated relationships, the conceptual model of the research has been implemented. The results of the research show that the influence between the components in the quantitative study had a necessary and appropriate level. Conclusion of the commercialization reforms of knowledge-based products in the country's pharmaceutical industry is very important in the economic and social development of countries. By improving commercialization and related reforms, it is possible to achieve added value, sustainable development, and improvement of social competencies. Introduction Rapid progress in such different fields of knowledge, in addition to the significant increase in the economic value of companies, also causes the economic and technical growth of society. Thus, the commercialization of knowledge-based goods is described as a vital factor, because it can guarantee the success and survival of an organization. This clearly shows the importance of commercialization in knowledge-based industries, especially the pharmaceutical industry (Amini et al, 2016). Knowledge-based companies refer to those companies that have emerged with large profits and high added value from products and services. Such companies and organizations have established their mission and main basis based on knowledge and benefiting from ideas, creativity, and innovation (Taifeh & Abedi, 2023). The process of commercialization in knowledge-based companies is highly influenced by the level of knowledge of the economic base. With the advancement of knowledge, knowledge-based economies continue to develop with greater dependence on the production, distribution and application of knowledge to production and employment in high-tech industries (Azma et al, 2020). But there are also challenges in the commercialization of knowledge in the pharmaceutical industry. One of the most important challenges is the development of the commercialization process. Most knowledge-based companies face these challenges in achieving the desired commercialization performance (Maghsoudi Ganjeh et al, 2019). The importance of this issue becomes more important, especially in a critical industry such as pharmaceuticals, which is based on intellectual property rights. In fact, innovation is the biggest driving force in the pharmaceutical industry, so attention to innovation and new drug production is essential for the development of this industry (Liu & Lyu, 2020). Therefore, the main research question is: What is the commercialization model of knowledge-based products in the country's pharmaceutical industry?  Theoretical Framework The importance of commercialization It is important to pay more attention to the category of commercialization and to choose and design a suitable model and strategy for commercialization because acquiring the ability to transform market-oriented research ideas into documented technical and economic technologies can transform a third world country from a seller of raw materials to an advanced country and seller of technical and economic knowledge; therefore, the commercialization of products based on knowledge and technology is the main priority of the country today to improve the economic cycle (Asadi et al, 2023). Considering the importance of the issue of commercialization and the existence of challenging obstacles in the commercialization process of products and created ideas, it is very necessary to emphasize more on the commercialization process in the industries of our country (Tabatabaian et al, 2018). The importance of paying attention to commercialization models Choosing the right commercialization model is essential for achieving financial success and exploitation of intellectual property. For this purpose, in order to succeed, a company must be able to choose and use the appropriate mechanism to implement the commercialization process of its new knowledge and technology (Gbadegeshin, 2017). Innovation process from conception to commercialization Commercialization is an important part of the innovation process in which new technologies and innovations are transferred from the development and testing stage to the production stage and widespread commercial supply to the markets. No technology and product can successfully enter the market without passing through this section. Creating platforms for the commercialization and supply of knowledge and technology, in addition to providing significant economic values for companies, also leads to the economic and technological growth of society (Safarzad et al, 2020). Characteristics of knowledge-based companies Knowledge-based companies have unique characteristics compared to other companies and traditional industries; for example, the ratio of active professional forces in these companies to their total employees is higher than in other companies, universities have a stronger role in their management; also, technological changes and attention to the research and development process are more in these companies; their competitive advantage is based on the knowledge base and innovation in technology, which increases the speed in conquering new markets (Ramzanpour Nargesi et al, 2022). Aghababayi et al, (2023) conducted a research entitled "Identification of factors of commercialization of technological projects in new knowledge-based companies". The findings of the research show that it is important to pay attention to the 5 criteria of technology, skill, knowledge, market, and policy and law for the commercialization of technological projects in new knowledge-based companies. Asadi et al, (2023) conducted a research entitled "Providing a model for commercializing knowledge-based ideas in companies located in science and technology parks". The findings of this research indicate that with the influence of various factors such as individual and team competence, the nature of innovation and technology, market readiness, the level of technological readiness and supporting factors, science and technology parks and government support: knowledge-based companies are able to Commercialize the ideas based on knowledge. This commercialization leads to sustainable entrepreneurship, product quality improvement, sales promotion and better profitability, and better service to society.  Research methodology The current research is applicable in terms of its purpose, mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of implementation, type of thematic analysis, and an exploratory research in terms of its nature. The statistical population of the research included 12 experts in the qualitative part by non-probability sampling with multiple strategies (intensity and snowball), and in the quantitative part included 151 employees of knowledge-based companies. The research collection tools are semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Research findings To analyze data through coding, MAXQDA software and SPSS and PLS software were used in the quantitative part. The results showed that the formation of the concept of commercialization indicators of knowledge-based goods in the country's pharmaceutical industry includes 67 concepts in the form of 9 major concepts. During the investigated relationships, the conceptual model of the research has been implemented. The results of the research show that the influence between the components in the quantitative study had a necessary and appropriate level. Conclusion of the commercialization reforms of knowledge-based products in the country's pharmaceutical industry is very important in the economic and social development of countries. By improving commercialization and related reforms, it is possible to achieve added value, sustainable development, and improvement of social competencies. Conclusion The current research was conducted with the aim of designing a commercialization model of knowledge-based products in the country's pharmaceutical industry. The results of this research are in agreement with the results of Aghababayi et al, (2023), Asadi et al, (2023), Stiri & Mehraayin (2022), Amiri & Rezaee (2022), Fakhari (2021), Masama Khosrowshahi & Sultanzadeh (2021), Papi et al., (2021), and Kapoor et al, (2020). Stiri & Mehraayin (2022) showed that the 5 main themes classify the key success factors of knowledge-based companies in 5 levels of individual characteristics, organizational factors, environmental factors, company strategy, and supply and allocation of resources; which interpretative structural modeling has been used to interpret and specify the relationship between factors and specify the role of each variable. Based on the results of the survey, it seems that after the environmental factors, the provision and allocation of appropriate financial resources (the amount and time of allocation) and the appropriate human resources (educated, experienced, skilled, creative and innovative) are more important than other factors. It was also found that individual characteristics and organizational factors have a mutual effect, and the company's strategy has the most influence over other factors. Finally, the best implementation method was determined among the five characteristics of the research to employ managers to achieve success, growth and development of knowledge-based companies. According to the results of the research, the following suggestions are presented: The commercialization of knowledge-based products in Iran's pharmaceutical industry can help the development of research and innovation in this industry. It is suggested to conduct research in the field of knowing more about diseases and their treatment methods by producing and supplying innovative drugs. This research can lead to scientific and medical progress in the country and improve treatment methods.   

Abstract Abstract
The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of active market proactiveness on business performance with the mediating role of product innovation and knowledge sharing among handicraft producers in Iraq. This research was carried out with an applicable purpose and a descriptive-survey method. The statistical population of this research included 300 managers of local businesses or handicrafts in Iraq, non-probability method was used for sampling, and 169 people were evaluated and measured based on Morgan's table. In this research, a questionnaire was used to collect data, and its face validity and content validity were confirmed by experts. To measure the validity of the questionnaire, confirmatory analysis of convergent and divergent validity was performed. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability were used to measure reliability, which showed good reliability of the tool. In order to analyze the data, partial least squares method and PLS3 Smart statistical software were used, and the results showed that all the hypotheses were confirmed, and it was stated that active market proactiveness has an effect on business performance, and also the effect of active proactiveness with the mediating role of product innovation and knowledge sharing on performance was also confirmed. And the mediating role of market proactiveness and product innovation on business performance was also confirmed.
Introduction
Handicrafts are products that originate from the skill and creativity of centuries-old traditions. The artisans involved in making these works of art have unique talents and taste that have been passed down to them from their ancestors for centuries. In this regard, Iraq is considered as the second country with oil reserves and the use of these oil resources has transformed the country's economy into a unipolar structure. However, developing countries should gradually reduce the policy of exporting raw materials and move towards the export of value-added products. Therefore, business operators in Iraq are required to improve their performance and adapt to the changing needs of the market. These conditions and challenges force organizations to create innovative ideas and changes in their thinking paradigm and working methods (Mejri et al, 2018).
Thus, this study seeks to improve the performance of businesses producing local products (handicrafts) in Iraq and requires a market-oriented approach in order to encourage knowledge sharing and product innovation. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of market activity on the performance of businesses, emphasizing the mediating role of product innovation and knowledge sharing during the pandemic in businesses producing local products and handicrafts in Iraq. By conducting such research, the business performance of domestic products can be improved, which requires a market orientation to encourage knowledge exchange and product innovation, so that local products (handicrafts) in Iraq can better maintain their shelf life. Therefore, the main question of this research is: does market activism have an effect on business performance in this field in Iraq? Also, is the relationship between business performance and the mediation of product innovation and knowledge sharing observable during the pandemic?
Theoretical framework
Product innovation encompasses changes in production processes, supply, packaging, and... It is one of the biggest challenges that companies and organizations face today, as there may not be a product on the market that solves the problem, or there may be other products on the market that behave differently. On the other hand, new or improved services, new product production, or response to foreign consumer or market needs are referred to as product innovation (Arabshahi & Abbaszadeh, 2023). Performance is a general term for some or all of the actions or activities of an organization over a period of time, along with reference to a number of standards such as past or projected costs and is a basis for efficiency that is also defined as the success of personnel, teams, or organizational units in achieving predetermined strategic goals with expected behavior (Yaskun, 2021). Market orientation is defined as an organizational culture that includes a set of shared beliefs and values about customers among organizational members and defines the customer as the main factor in business planning (Broujali, 2022). Knowledge sharing is an ongoing process of transferring organizational experiences and knowledge to business processes through communication channels between individuals, groups, and organizations. This knowledge sharing occurs when individuals actively share their professional knowledge or experience with others to teach them new ideas or thoughts (Yeboah, 2023).
Santos et al., (2023) conducted a study entitled "The Use of Management Controls and Product Innovation in Startups: The Intervention of Knowledge Sharing and Technological Turbulence". The study showed that informal controls and non-financial metrics are used for product innovation, while budget information and cost information are not directly related to product innovation. As technological turbulence increases, budget information becomes more directly related to the innovation process. Informal controls are directly related to knowledge sharing.
Arabshahi et al., (2022) conducted a study entitled "The Impact of Top Management Knowledge Value on Knowledge Sharing Practices, Open Innovation, and Organizational Performance", and the results of their findings showed that top management knowledge value has a positive effect on knowledge sharing practices, open innovation, and organizational performance.
Methodology
The current research is descriptive and applicable in terms of nature, and correlational and survey in terms of nature and type. The statistical population of this research is 300 managers of domestic businesses or handicrafts in Iraq. In the sampling method, since there was no access to the information of managers of local businesses or handicrafts in Iraq, a non-probability method was used for sampling; and 169 people were evaluated and measured based on Morgan's table. Collecting data was carried out by both library and field method. In the field part of the research, to collect data from the studied sample; Cantaleano et al, (2018) questionnaire to measure the variable of market activism, Azeem et al, (2021) questionnaire for knowledge sharing, Zaefarian et al, (2017) questionnaire for product innovation, and Wahyuni et al, (2019) for business performance were used.
Discussion and Results
The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and SmartPLS statistical software, and the mediating variables in this study were also measured using the Sobel test. The results of the research hypothesis showed that the market proactiveness index has a positive effect on business performance with a coefficient of 2.919 at a 95% confidence level in small handicraft manufacturing companies in Iraq. The results of the second hypothesis showed that the market proactiveness index has a positive effect on knowledge sharing with a coefficient of 19.966 at the 95% confidence level in small handicraft manufacturing companies in Iraq. The results of the third hypothesis showed that the market proactiveness index has a positive effect on product innovation with a coefficient of 13.215 at the 95% confidence level in small handicraft manufacturing companies in Iraq. The fourth hypothesis is that knowledge sharing has a positive effect on business performance with a coefficient of 3.043 at the 95% confidence level in small handicraft manufacturing companies in Iraq. The fifth hypothesis showed that product innovation has a positive effect on business performance with a coefficient of 3.917 at the 95% confidence level in small handicraft manufacturing companies in Iraq. The sixth hypothesis showed that knowledge sharing has the relationship between market proactiveness and performance. Therefore, the indirect effect of market activism on business performance is significant and its coefficient is equal to 0.149 × 0.723 = 0.107. As a result, the Sobel test is used for the significance of the effect of the mediating variable, and the value of z = 3.008 was obtained, which is more than 1.96. Therefore, knowledge sharing mediates the relationship between market proactiveness on the performance of small handicraft manufacturing companies in Iraq. The seventh hypothesis of product innovation is the relationship between market activism on performance. The indirect effect of market proactiveness on business performance is significant and its coefficient is equal to 0.254 = 0.676 × 0.376. Also, the Seville test is used for the significance of the effect of the mediating variable. Here, the value of z = 3.755 was obtained, which is more than 1.96. As a result, product innovation mediates the relationship between market proactiveness on the performance of small handicraft manufacturing companies in Iraq.
Conclusion
The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of active market proactiveness on business performance with the mediating role of product innovation and knowledge sharing among handicraft producers in Iraq. This finding is in line with the findings of researchers such as Wurjaningrum & Hartami (2020), Christa & Kristinae (2021), Yaskun (2021), Santos et al, (2023), Aiti Mehr et al, (2021), Singh et al, (2021) and Febrianti & Herbert (2022). In today's dynamic business world, the survival and success of small businesses, especially in the field of crafts, requires an active and dynamic approach to the market, knowledge and innovation. To compete in turbulent markets, business operators must have the expertise and ability to create unique and different domestic products to attract customers' interest. Market-oriented knowledge development contributes to resource efficiency and encourages product innovation, which leads to improved business performance. Creating an interactive atmosphere to identify the needs of loyal customers, understand market trends and respond to the hidden needs of customers can also increase the company's sales. The ability to innovate in business-related products and create diverse organizational capabilities allows for improved business performance of new products. As time passes and needs change, old products become obsolete and cannot meet current needs. Elements of innovation enable products to best match the needs of today's consumers. In this regard, knowledge sharing can also increase organizational opportunities and capabilities and help create superior competitive products. This approach leads to improving the efficiency of resources and maintaining the competitive advantage of the business.

Abstract Abstract The aim of the current research is to design a joint branding model using the structural-interpretive modeling method. The research method of this study is exploratory in terms of nature, with a mixed approach. In order to collect data and identify factors; the method of content analysis and review of related texts was used, as well as interviews with ten selected experts using a non-random method and snowball technique to achieve theoretical saturation. To achieve the research findings, a matrix questionnaire was constructed. Findings were compiled to determine the relationships between indicators. The data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed using structural-interpretive modeling and depicted on three levels in an interactive network, as a result of which the factor of banking dynamics was placed at the highest level. Also, the amount of influence and the degree of dependence of these factors on each other were investigated in the matrix of influence-dependency. According to the results, the dynamic index of banking and target customers are located in the matrix of influence-dependency in the dependent area, i.e., the highest degree of dependency; and the least influence and service evaluation factors, human force dynamics, organization development, mental norm are located in the connected area, i.e., the highest power of influence and the highest interdependence. Introduction One of the latest brand development approaches is co-branding. Based on the studies, it is expected that joint marketing measures will increase significantly in the coming years. Surveys show that 38% of companies carry out joint marketing measures, including joint branding, at an increasing rate (Nygaard & Dahlstrom, 2023). Rao & Ruekert (2017) defined co-branding as the integration of two or more products in short-term or long-term periods. Of course, these researchers redefined their definition of joint branding in the following years. According to them, this method occurs when two or more existing and independent brands join together in a common product or are marketed together in a similar form (Abbaszadeh et al, 2018). Considering that the current research is about joint branding in the banking industry, the banking industry is one of the businesses that have grown rapidly in recent times, so that accessibility of the banks is easier than other trades, in any area of an urban environment, and this is also due to many researches that have been done in the field of availability of bank branches; but why should there be so many branches of this industry in a human society, while in modern banking, borders have disappeared? Now, due to the merger of five banks and military financial institutions (Ansar, Qavamin, Kotsar, Hekmat and Mehr Eghtesad Iran) in Sepeh Bank, one of the main concerns is creating a suitable image of the Sepeh brand and presenting a common model for the brand, because neglection to this may have negative consequences on other bank businesses, such as the decrease in deposits, operating profit and the bank's rating in this industry. Based on the mentioned cases, what is the basic problem of the current research of the joint branding model in the banking industry? Theoretical framework Despite the different definitions that have been presented in relation to branding, all experts agree that the brand is a very important intangible asset for organizations, and plays an effective role in gaining a competitive advantage (Ruschman, 2020). A brand enables an organization to differentiate its market offerings from competitors. Consequently, strong brands are very important for any type of product, service or organization, including those in the public sector (Drostkar et al, 2022). Co-branding is a kind of strategic alliance between parties. In recent years, creating strategic alliances with co-branding has become common in many industries, because the co-branding strategy has the ability to achieve significant synergy, which focuses on the unique strengths of each of the co-brands. Rao and Ruckert, at the beginning of their research, defined co-branding as the integration of two or more products in short-term or long-term periods (Labrović et al, 2021).  Research methodology The purpose of this research is to provide a local model of joint branding in the banking industry. Therefore, in terms of nature, the research is exploratory with a mixed approach. Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) has been used to determine the sequence and relationships between the identified elements. In order to collect data and identify factors, the method of content analysis and review of sources, books and interviews with participants, which include university experts and organization experts who have a series of characteristics such as doctorate degrees and scientific productions (books, articles, etc.) and the background of high performance in this field was used. Also, non-random sampling and snowball technique were used to select experts until theoretical saturation was achieved. MATLAB software was used for interpretive structural modeling (ISM). Research findings In this section, the relationships between research factors were analyzed in pairs and couples, and led to structural-interpretive modeling and the use of the relationship between experts' concepts, using the following symbols to determine the relationships between factors. The structural interaction matrix itself is composed of research dimensions and factors and their comparison through four modes of concept relations. The final accessibility matrix (FRM) is formed by applying the existing multiplicative relationships among the factors. In this way, the next stage of the implementation of the ISM methodology can be completed. In this matrix, secondary relationships between factors are controlled. In order to analyze the power of penetration and the degree of dependence (MICMAK), the factors are classified into four groups. In order to calculate the influence of factors, it is enough to add the number of 1's in each row of the final access matrix.  Conclusion In this research, joint branding factors have been identified. After identifying the factors through the achievement matrix, an attempt was made to examine the factors affecting co-branding. Based on the results of the research, the factor of banking dynamics is located at the first level, the factor of target customers at the second level, and the factors of service evaluation factors, human force dynamics, organization development, and mental norm at the third level. Co-branding to support a new product or service has emerged as a legitimate and legal way to develop a brand, especially to establish or maintain competitive advantages, which represents the long-term cooperation strategy of a product by two brands. Considering the increasing intensity of competition in the market, joint branding between companies has become a tool to achieve the interests of both sides of strategic partners. Co-branding can influence consumer perceptions such as trust, confidence, satisfaction and commitment. Therefore, it should be noted that the relationship between partners can be considered as a process, so that the common brand is trusted when that brand is similar to the consumer. This reduces the feeling of discomfort and inconsistency, thereby making the brand more reliable. The ability to trust the product will bring consumer satisfaction, and the consumer in the next step will commit to the brand. And in order to maintain this process, it is necessary to create a competitive advantage by adopting creative and innovative strategies, and competitors cannot imitate it.

Abstract Abstract The main goal of the current research is to identify the factors affecting the emergence of the gig economy with a hybrid approach. This research is developmental in terms of purpose; qualitative in terms of the nature and style of component analysis; and documentary based on data collection. It is analytical-descriptive from the research method viewpoint; and the components of the research were collected and analyzed using Sandelovski and Barroso's seven-stage meta-composite qualitative method. In order to identify the factors affecting the emergence of the gig economy, the researchers systematically searched for researches related to these factors in 4 scientific databases: Science Direct, Emerald, Wiley, and Sage, as well as the Scopus reference database between 2010 and 2023, with the aim of determining valid documents related to the research question, and with the selected keywords. In the initial investigations, 162 sources were found; and after screening and validation and using the CASP tool, 20 articles were finally analyzed, and the factors affecting the emergence of the gig economy were identified by using the coding method, and was drawn by using MaxQuda software. The kappa coefficient was used in SPSS software to check the quality or reliability of the indicators, which in the present study is equal to 0.80; indicates the appropriate reliability of the indicators of this research. In total, the 4 main factors of the emergence of the gig economy include social, economic, political and technological factors; and 21 sub-factors have been identified. Introduction After the global financial crisis in 2008 and the resulting rise in unemployment, many professionals and skilled workers started taking short-term jobs to make ends meet. This phenomenon is described as "gig economy" (Banik & Padalkar, 2021). The expansion of work was initially carried out by skilled IT professionals who started using online digital platforms to search for such opportunities (Collins et al., 2019). The rise of the gig economy sector is partly a reflection of rising unemployment rates and limitations of traditional labor markets, which have led to bottom-up demand and supply in the online market (Uchiyama et al., 2022). Due to the gig economy, more people have the opportunity to be in the labor market, and as a result, the unemployment rate has decreased (Vyas, 2021). In advanced economies, due to the deprivation of the formal sector, the workforce resorts to the gig economy (Mehta, 2023). The emergence of the entrepreneurial generation increases the interest in jobs with flexible conditions and without any formal employment contract (Friedman, 2014). The introduction of leading digital outsourcing platforms in the gig economy has encouraged many skilled professionals from an emerging economy to join the gig workforce (Roy & Shrivastava, 2020). Recent studies show that the gig economy is booming across countries. In the United States, the number of freelancers has increased from 3.7 million in 2014 to 62.2 million in 2019. In the United States, 57.3 million people currently work gigs. By 2027, the gig workforce will make up half of the workforce. There are 15 million gig workforces in India; the gig economy in the UK has doubled in the past three years; and by 2023, the global gig economy will be worth $455 billion (Noronha et al., 2022). In Iran, we have also witnessed the significant growth of the gig economy in the last few years, which is mainly related to transport platforms such as Snap and Tapsi (Almaspour et al., 2021). According to the statistics of Snap company, currently, nearly seven hundred thousand people are working in the passenger transportation sector as drivers, workers, and active users; and providing passenger transportation services for this virtual activity platform (Hassani, 2021). The gig economy has attracted the attention of the public and policymakers, and is growing as an area of ​​academic research; raising debates about the future of work, labor regulations, the impact of technology, and the quality of employment (Behl et al., 2022). Considering that it is necessary to identify the factors affecting the emergence of this expanding phenomenon in order to improve the planning and policies of managers and industrial owners in order to use this potential workforce; also considering that until now, a comprehensive research regarding the identification of the factors affecting the emergence of the gig economy, specially by a hybrid method, has not been done, this research has tried to identify these factors by examining the researches done in this field. Theoretical Framework Gig work The origin of the word "gig" dates back to 1915, when jazz musicians first used it. Also, musicians used it to refer to live musical performances and recordings. The modern use of "gig" has become popular in the last decade (2010-2020) (Moore, 2019). As stated in the Cambridge Dictionary (2020), the nature of work in the gig economy shows that it is “a way of working based on people holding temporary jobs or doing separate tasks, each of which is paid independently, rather than working for an employer." (Aloisi, 2015). Gig economy The term gig economy was first coined by Tina Brown in 2009 in the midst of the global financial crisis. In common parlance, flexible work, generally mediated by online platforms, is called the “gig economy” (Koutsimpogiorgos et al., 2020). The gig economy includes two work models: It offers “crowdworking or online freelance work known as the digital gig economy”, and “on-demand work through a program called the physical gig economy” (De Stefano, 2016). Platform The client, platform technology, and gig workforce are involved in the gig economy. The platform technology acts as an online intermediary between the customer and the gig workforce. A customer, also known as a service seeker, provides a description of the desired work or service on the platform. The gig workforce can access this job or service demand on the platform. The work can be delivered to the client through a technology platform or offline (Duggan et al., 2020).  Research methodology This research is developmental in terms of purpose; qualitative in terms of the nature and style of component analysis; and documentary based on data collection. It is analytical-descriptive from the research method viewpoint; and the data of the research has been collected and analyzed using the meta-composite qualitative method. Among the implementation models of the metacomposite method, in this research, the seven-step model of Sandelowski and Barroso has been used, which is the most used in metacomposite research, and includes the following steps: 1. Setting research questions, 2. Conducting systematic literature, 3. Searching and selecting appropriate articles, 4. extracting information from articles, 5. analyzing and combining qualitative findings, 6. controlling the quality of extracted codes, and 7. presenting findings. Research findings In order to identify the factors affecting the emergence of the gig economy, the researchers conducted a systematic search of researches related to these factors in 4 scientific databases: Science Direct, Emerald, Wiley, Sage, as well as Scopus reference database between 2010 and 2023. In the initial investigations based on the selected keywords, 162 sources were found, and after screening and validation and using the CASP tool, 20 articles were finally selected for full review and content analysis. By analyzing the articles, there are 4 main factors for the emergence of the gig economy including; social, economic, political, and technological factors; and 21 sub-factors have been identified. Social factors include; flexibility, work autonomy, participation of women, access to skilled workforce, social media, flexibility of working hours, lack of physical presence, consumer attitudes and preferences and low barriers to entry; economic factors including; unemployment, economic recession, and job opportunity; political factors including; government regulations, globalization, and outsourcing; and technology factors include; the platform infrastructure, cheap technology, easy access to the internet, the platform, the growth and expansion of technology and digitalization. Conclusion One of the most important factors in the emergence of the gig economy is the social factor, which refers to the human aspect of this phenomenon and the influence of people in the creation and expansion of this economy, which itself has various dimensions that are caused by the change in the attitude of people in choosing a job with unique characteristics of this economy. Another influential factor in the emergence and expansion of the gig economy is the economic factor. According to the research conducted in this regard, the gig economy has re-emerged as a result of the 2008 financial crisis, and has created a new form of labor. Economic recession, unemployment and lack of job opportunities have pushed the workforce to the gig economy. The third factor in the emergence and expansion of the gig economy is the political factor, which in turn has different dimensions including; globalization, outsourcing, and government regulations. Another factor that has undoubtedly been one of the most influential factors in the development and expansion of the gig economy in recent years is technology and its increasing growth in the world. According to the research; easy access to the internet in all places, the growth and expansion of technology and its cheapness, as well as the development of platforms and the provision of the necessary infrastructure to create platforms around the world are the key aspects of this influential factor in the growth and emergence of the gig economy. According to the results of the research, the following suggestions have been made: The social factor is related to the taste and tendencies of the workforce, such as job flexibility and working hours, work independence, lack of physical presence, etc., which managers, by recognizing and paying attention to these factors, have increased the desire of employees to work in this industry, and creating as much as possible of these benefits for employees will increase the productivity of the workforce. Due to the growth of the gig economy, more people have the opportunity to be in the labor market, and as a result, the unemployment rate decreases. In this regard, policies should be provided to promote platform work, which requires the training of superior skills and improving the capabilities of the workforce, which will benefit from the potential of employment in platform work. Globalization and outsourcing are two of the important dimensions in the emergence and expansion of this economy. In today's world, borders will not be an obstacle to the growth and expansion of an organization, and managers can rely on this valuable aspect of the gig economy to have the best talent at the lowest cost, and on the other hand, they can easily provide their services to customers all around the world Considering that one of the important and influential factors in the emergence, growth and development of the gig economy is the expansion of technology and the creation of the necessary infrastructure in the field of technology; managers should provide the necessary infrastructure in order to benefit as much as possible from this potential workforce and the vast market.

Abstract Abstract The purpose of this research is to provide a model for determining the value of startups, focusing on fintech startups. The existing literature lacks models that integrate both quantitative and qualitative dimensions for fintech, which highlights the necessity of conducting this research. This research is applicable in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in nature, and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of type. In the qualitative part, by using the theme analysis technique and interviews with 11 startup investment and valuation experts who were selected by purposive sampling, the main and secondary themes were extracted using MAXQDA software. In the quantitative part, based on the identified themes, a questionnaire with 199 questions was designed and distributed to the statistical population consisting of 220 managers, experts, founders and managers of fintech startups, using available sampling method. The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis by partial least squares method in Smart-PLS software. The final findings included 194 extracted codes in 24 sub-themes and 6 main themes, which in order of importance are business enterprise, environmental factors, technology and innovation, risks, business team, and financial industry. It was found from the results that the valuation of startups in the fintech field is very important for different stakeholders. Therefore, it is imperative to develop comprehensive valuation models that are specifically designed for the unique characteristics of fintech startups. These models should integrate both quantitative measures and qualitative factors to provide a comprehensive assessment of startup value. Introduction The valuation of startups is very important for various stakeholders, including founders, investors, employees, and even legislators. According to the National Association of American Startups in 2022, more than 60% of startups failed due to lack of sufficient financing. In addition, according to the report of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in 2023, fintech startups in the member countries of this organization have accounted for 18% of venture investments (OECD, 2023). These statistics and figures show that the accurate valuation of startups, especially in the field of fintech, is of great importance. Only 28% of fintech companies have managed to achieve a market value of more than one billion dollars (CB Insights, 2021). This statistic shows that existing valuation methods may be insufficient in accurately estimating the growth potential and true value of fintech startups. While important steps have been taken in understanding the valuation of startups, there is a significant research gap, especially regarding fintech startups (Wallace, 2022). Previous researches have mainly focused on conventional valuation methods applicable to general startup contexts, without paying attention to the distinctive features and nuances of fintech venture valuations (Muchtar et al., 2023). This research seeks to fill the identified research gap by developing a structural model of startup valuation with a focus on fintech startups. The main question of the current research is: what are the dimensions and indicators affecting the value of fintech startups? Theoretical Framework Startup Startups are entrepreneurial ventures characterized by innovative ideas, agility and the pursuit of growth in a dynamic market environment. These startups are often founded by individuals or small teams with innovative visions that seek to address unmet needs or disrupt existing markets with new solutions (Oliva & Kotabe, 2019). The key feature of startups is their risky nature, limited resources, and emphasis on their scalability. Startups usually operate in sectors ranging from technology and health to finance (Aldianto et al., 2021). Fintech Fintech, short for financial technology, refers to the integration of technology into financial services to simplify processes, increase efficiency, and improve the customer experience. Fintech companies use advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and cloud computing to provide innovative solutions that challenge traditional financial institutions (Mention, 2019). Fintech startups Fintech startups focus on using technology to provide innovative financial products or services. These startups operate at the intersection of finance and technology with the aim of addressing the inefficiencies of traditional financial systems or introducing completely new business models (Zarrouk et al., 2021). Fintech startups generally exhibit the common characteristics of startups, such as agility, innovation, and scalability; while also specializing in finance and technology. (Kijkasiwat, 2021). Startup valuation Startup valuation refers to the process of determining the economic value of a start-up company at a specific point in time. Valuation is very important for various stakeholders, including founders, investors, and buyers, because it provides insights about the company's value and potential investment returns (Köhn, 2018). Research background Rahimi Klishadi (2017) stated that some startup businesses are only ideas that have very little or even zero income and operational flows. Menon & James (2022) stated that the boom of startups has witnessed the emergence of alternative sources of financing such as venture capitalists, angel investors, etc. Dhochak et al., (2024) stated that strategic management theories have been used to develop a prediction model based on the artificial neural network technique that predicts the valuation of startups before fundraising. Hidayat et al., (2022) stated that financial information (revenues) and non-financial information (social media) as well as sectoral and technological differences affect startup stock value. Hammami et al., (2023) designed a model to evaluate profit predictability in companies active in the financial industry and identified 28 components in this field, in which the company's information environment, analysis of deviations, variability of profit, and analysis of financial leverage have the highest coefficient of importance. Golshani et al., (2023) by examining the technology valuation strategies of Iranian startups, have identified 7 categories including the development and promotion of the technology valuation discourse, the transformation of existing knowledge in the field of technology into desirable and valuable knowledge, leadership and idea management, comprehensive technology evaluation system, culture creating, regulation in the technology market, and localization of technology valuation. Research method The current research is applicable in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in nature, and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of type. In the qualitative part, thematic analysis technique was used, based on interviews with experts and based on the six-step approach of the model (Braun & Clarke, 2006). For sampling, the purposeful sampling method was used, which was based on theoretical saturation. Based on this, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 11 experts. To analyze the findings from the interviews, the method of thematic analysis and qualitative data coding was used in the MAXQDA 2020 software. The validity of the qualitative data was confirmed using the Newman validation method. In the quantitative section, a questionnaire with 199 questions was designed and distributed based on the results of the theme analysis section, which was used for analysis. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to check the reliability of the questionnaire, and its value was higher than 0.7. Confirmatory factor analysis was used for construct validity. For confirmatory factor analysis and evaluation of test content from the point of view of structural validity and fit of the research model, structural equation model with partial least squares method was used in SMART-PLS software. Research findings The findings of the research included 194 extracted codes in 24 sub-themes and 6 main themes, which in order of importance are business enterprise, environmental factors, technology and innovation, risks, business team, and financial industry.  Conclusion Research findings show that the most influential issue in startup valuation is "business enterprise". The findings of this research are in line with studies of Suwarni et al., (2020), Passaro et al., (2020), and Lee (2022). It also highlights "environmental factors" as the second most important dimension in the valuation of startups, which is in line with the research results of Alänge et al., (2022), Kim et al., (2023), and Savin et al., (2023). On the other hand, it emphasizes the importance of "technology and innovation" as the third dimension, which is in line with the studies of Zorzetti et al., (2022), Koning et al., (2022), and Sibińska (2022). Research findings highlight "risks" as a fourth dimension. This finding is in line with the studies of Laksmana & Permana (2023), Saravistha & Sancaya (2022), and Oliva et al., (2022). Research findings emphasize the importance of "business team" as the fifth dimension. This finding is in line with Aryadita et al., (2023), Honoré (2022), and Wise et al., (2022). The findings of the research show that the "financial industry" dimension has the lowest rank in terms of importance among the dimensions identified in the valuation of startups, and is in line with the studies of Stevy et al., (2023), Berman et al., (2022), and Sreenivasan & Suresh (2024). According to the results of this research, the following suggestions are presented: While revenue is an important indicator of financial performance, stakeholders should take a holistic approach to startup evaluation that considers a diverse range of factors beyond revenue generation, including market potential, growth prospects, competitive position, and regulatory compliance. On the other hand, startups should focus on diversifying revenue streams and increasing revenue generation capabilities through innovative business models, strategic partnerships, and value-added services. By offering a set of financial products or services tailored to customer needs and preferences, startups can maximize revenue generation opportunities and strengthen their value proposition in the competitive fintech landscape. Startups must prioritize building scalable and sustainable business models that can adapt to changing market dynamics and regulatory environments while delivering value to customers and stakeholders. By aligning revenue generation strategies with broader business goals and market dynamics, startups can enhance their appeal to investors, increase growth, and achieve long-term success in the financial industry.

Abstract Abstract The present study was conducted with the aim of designing and validating a sustainable marketing model based on consumer behavior management in the automotive industry. In terms of the purpose of this study, it is an applicable-developmental research, and based on the method of data collection, it is also considered a cross-sectional survey. In order to achieve the goal of the research, an exploratory mixed research design was used. The community of participants of the qualitative section includes theoretical experts (marketing professors) and experimental experts (automotive industry managers). Purposeful method was used for sampling, and theoretical saturation was achieved after 17 interviews. The statistical population of the quantitative part includes the managers and experts of the marketing and sales department of the automotive industry. The sample size was estimated to be 131 people using Cochran's formula, and sampling was done by cluster-random method. Thematic analysis was used to identify the categories of sustainable marketing model based on consumer behavior management. The partial least squares method was used to validate the model. Data analysis was done by Maxqda20 software in qualitative phase; and Smart PLS software in quantitative phase. Based on the research findings, 298 codes were identified in the open coding stage. Finally, 5 overarching themes, 11 organizing themes, and 55 basic themes were obtained through axial coding, and the results showed that environmental factors, organizational factors, and customer factors affect sustainable infrastructure. Sustainable infrastructure leads to sustainable consumption behavior by influencing sustainable consumption strategy and social responsibility. Sustainable consumption behavior also leads to sustainable marketing by influencing environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, and social sustainability. Introduction Consumer behavior is a critical success factor in the implementation of marketing strategies, especially new marketing topics in the field of social and environmental issues, which is referred to as sustainable marketing. Sustainable marketing is a method of marketing that emphasizes market-oriented efforts to achieve business profitability while respecting society's rights and protecting the environment (Yadav al et, 2024). In the last two decades, the integration of sustainability in marketing research has grown rapidly and widely. According to a McKinsey Institute survey, companies have actively integrated sustainability principles into their business plans in order to contribute to society and the environment in addition to economic benefits (Rastogi et al, 2024). Now the concept of marketing and its underlying philosophy has undergone a fundamental transformation. In today's era, the social responsibility of businesses is very important, and protecting the environment and preserving resources for the future generation is at the center of human thought. Therefore, companies try to use sustainable marketing as a key strategy to introduce their products and services (Fuxman et al, 2022). This approach includes efforts to create and facilitate exchange processes to respond to the needs and demands of customers in such a way that satisfying the needs and demands of customers brings the least negative consequences for society and the environment (Machado et al., 2023). The goal of sustainable marketing is to meet the needs of consumers in the best possible way and to serve the long-term interests of customers and society. In this approach, profitability and obtaining economic benefits of business should be done by adhering to environmental requirements and respecting the social rights of the entire society (Trang al et, 2023). On the other hand, the automobile industry of the country is one of the basic industries that play a significant role in creating employment, public welfare, and economic development of the country, so in the path of industrial development, the automobile industry of the country should not be neglected. In fact, the current condition of the country's automobile industry is very challenging and worrying for a wide range of people, especially policy makers (Sheikh et al, 2023). Automotive industry has the largest contribution to the country's economic growth in the industrial sector and ranks sixth among the 20 largest companies in the country. The largest amount of national GDP in the industry sector is related to automobile manufacturing, which has grown faster in recent years (Arjamandi et al, 2023). Therefore, the automotive industry has created a very large market; one of the main pillars of its success depends on the management of consumer behavior. Analyzing the buying behavior of consumers is one of the basic principles in analyzing market opportunities in the automotive industry. The importance of this issue is to the extent that today the field of marketing is based on the principle of consumer priority. Consumer behavior is a process. Most marketers have recognized that consumer behavior is a continuous process, not something that happens at a moment, and based on which people buy the goods and services they need through money or credit cards (Martin & Peattie, 2021). In general, it can be said that the country's automobile industry is one of the basic industries that plays a significant role in creating employment, public welfare, and economic development of the country, so in the path of industrial development, one should not neglect the country's automobile industry. Government support, green human resources, and corporate social responsibility are the basic factors effective on sustainable marketing in the country's automobile industry, which plays a strategic role in sustainable marketing of these industries. Therefore, by emphasizing on sustainable marketing in the automotive industry of the country, the behavior of the consumers of this industry can be shaped. Meanwhile, so far, the independent study has not examined all the elements of sustainability in the market-oriented efforts of the automotive industry in a single whole. In other words, what has been neglected from the point of view of researchers is the conceptualization of sustainable marketing in the context of consumer behavior, and the present studies are an effort to fill this research gap. In this regard, the dimensions of sustainable marketing based on consumer behavior will be identified first. Then the causal relationships between the dimensions will be identified, and at the end, the validation of the final model of sustainable marketing based on consumer behavior will be presented. The present study answers the key question: what is the sustainable marketing model based on consumer behavior management? Theoretical framework - Sustainable marketing The term sustainability was proposed for the first time in 1986 by the World Committee for Environmental Development under the title of meeting the needs of the present without compromising the resources of the future generation to meet their needs, and this concept is expanding until today. One of the areas affected by this movement is marketing, and now sustainable marketing has become a dominant approach in market management and communication with customers (Siano et al, 2022). Based on a general definition, "sustainable marketing" is the efforts and activities of a business to introduce and sell environmentally friendly products and services. This method of marketing is in line with the goals of sustainability and sustainable development, which ultimately brings a sustainable competitive advantage to the organization (Yadav al et, 2024). - Management of consumer behavior Consumer behavior management is all the activities that people engage in when choosing, buying, using, and disposing of disposable goods in order to satisfy their needs (Mowen & Minor, 2022). Based on another definition of consumer behavior, with the aim of meeting the needs and desires of different individuals and groups, they examine effective processes during the selection, purchase and use of products, services, ideas and experiences (Raji et al, 2024). The consequence of fierce competition in the market is the ever-increasing power of the customer. With the increase in the power of customers, their expectations from production and service organizations have also increased. Organizations have to offer the most valuable products and services at the most appropriate price. As a result, organizations are constantly looking for new methods and innovation in creating and providing value for customers. Due to the complexity of customers' needs and demands and their deep inner motivations, acquiring information and knowledge in the field of customers' demands, mental perceptions, purchases, and purchasing behavior is of fundamental importance for marketers (Barbe et al., 2023).  Research methodology This study is an applicable-developmental research and based on the method of data collection, it is also a non-experimental (descriptive) research that was conducted with a cross-sectional survey method. In order to achieve the goal of the research, a mixed exploratory research design (qualitative-quantitative) has been used. The community of qualitative sector participants includes theoretical experts (professors of marketing management) and experimental experts (managers of the country's automotive industry) who have sufficient experience in the field of sustainable marketing system. Sampling was done with a purposeful method, and theoretical saturation was obtained with 17 interviews. In the quantitative part, the statistical population includes managers and experts of the marketing and sales department of the country's automobile industry, numbering 131 people. In the qualitative part, the theme analysis method (TAM) was used with the proposed approach (Attride-Stirling, 2001). In the quantitative part, partial least squares method was used in Smart PLS software to validate the model. Research findings In the open coding phase, 298 codes were identified. Finally, 3 overarching themes, 11 organizing themes, and 68 basic themes were obtained through axial coding. Conclusion Based on the results of the qualitative part of the research; 68 sub-themes were classified in the form of 11 main themes including organizational factors, customer factors, environmental factors, sustainability infrastructure, social responsibility, sustainable consumption behavior, sustainable consumption strategy, sustainable marketing, environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, and social sustainability category. Based on the results, it was determined that environmental factors, organizational factors, and customer factors affect sustainable infrastructure. In the study of Wang & Udall (2023), it was also shown that moral self and group identity encourage sustainable consumption behaviors. Altruistic values ​​predict self and group moral identity, and the relationship between altruistic values ​​and sustainable consumption behaviors is fully mediated by moral self and group identity. Also, the results showed that sustainable infrastructure leads to sustainable consumption behavior by influencing sustainable consumption strategy and social responsibility. In the results of the study of Gong et al., (2023), it was also determined that a useful tool for long-term purchase intention is interaction with customer, and the company's social responsibility plays an important role in strengthening consumers' intention to make sustainable purchases in the automotive industry. Finally, it was found that sustainable consumption behavior leads to sustainable marketing by influencing environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, and social sustainability. In the results of the study of Peterson et al, (2021), it is also mentioned that "... in the philosophy of social marketing, the goal is to respect the social rights of individuals in addition to the economic interests of companies. In addition to this issue, the efforts of environment activists and public awareness about the importance of the environment caused respect for nature to be placed on the agenda of companies and business owners." 

Abstract Abstract The purpose of this research is to identify the skill and competence requirements as well as the characteristics of universities to respond to future business developments in the environment of the fourth industrial revolution. The research methodology includes the review and analysis of literature and scientific resources in the field of the subject using a qualitative approach and thematic analysis method. The statistical population of the research includes scientific documents (articles) published since 2010. The sampling method was purposeful, based on which 87 articles were selected for final review and analysis. The reliability of the collected categories using the Miles and Huberman formula was 82%. Theme analysis was done using theme analysis method and Maxqda 22 software. The findings of the present research were presented in two parts: a) digital, social, cognitive, technical and personal competencies as skills and competence requirements of the fourth industrial revolution, and b) the characteristics of the future university in the form of professional, network-oriented, digital-oriented, competence-oriented, project-oriented, transformational, frontier-oriented, Personalized and skill-oriented education and learning. The results of the research showed that the university can prepare students for the future business environment and job creation and employability by complying with the new skill requirements and competencies of the fourth industrial revolution and acquiring the mentioned characteristics. Introduction The fourth industrial revolution is one of the most important technological and socio-economic developments of the modern world, which has attracted the attention of many sectors, including technology, business market, production (factories and industries), and education; and has had a profound effect on the policies and strategies of university education (Chaka, 2019). On the other hand, it creates changes in the business structure that requires the production of knowledge, skills and vital competencies acquired by the university and academics (Adznir, 2017). If the universities do not react to these changes, be indifferent, and continue the current routine; in the near future we will witness the replacement of passive universities with many agencies and companies and private institutions in charge of educational and skill services. Adjusting university and business functions with the digital conditions of the fourth industrial revolution requires identifying the skills and competences needed and on the other hand, the level of responsiveness of universities to these developments. The mismatch between the supply and demand of knowledge and skills has always been one of the concerns at the global level and the focus of attention of policy makers and researchers and academic stakeholders in general. For this reason, academic thinkers believe that the current and traditional educational system is not able to adapt to these changes and cannot adjust themselves to the needs of knowledge and skills. This growing gap between the educational systems and the business market along with the mismatch between the supply and demand of knowledge and skills can lead to instability in the economy. In this regard, the current research has two goals; A) Identifying the skill and competence requirements of the university. b) The analysis of the characteristics of the university in accordance with the business environment in the fourth industrial revolution. In this way, the researcher tries to answer the main question; what are the skill requirements and academic characteristics appropriate to business in the fourth industrial revolution? Theoretical framework The fourth industrial revolution The fourth industrial revolution emerged in 2010. This revolution has three unique features that distinguish it from past industrial revolutions: 1- It blurs the boundaries between physical, biological, digital and social domains, which transforms the entire production and business process. 2- It can open a new era of investment, productivity, and living standards increase, and with a successful program in the fields of robotics, Internet of Things, big data, mobile phones, and 3D printing technology; it makes the interaction process faster, easier and more accurate. 3- The fourth industrial revolution is happening with an unprecedented speed, breadth and depth, and level of impact compared to the previous revolutions, which has turned the linear speed into an exponential (Hoa, 2017:23). In this revolution, working and managing a group has changed from belief to place-oriented to space-oriented; because the digital transformation has made space and time limitations very weak and even erased. In this era, the hybrid workplace, which is a combination of physical resources, culture, processes, and digital technologies, has been emphasized (Shami Zanjani, Asadi & Nabii, 2022: 46). Skill system and business Regarding skill training and business, four theories of human capital, functionalism, social capital, and the theory of professional and skill competencies have been proposed so far. The theory of professional competencies and skills, taking into account the studies of McCland (1973), has expressed a new analysis of the competencies and skills required by business. For this reason, in a part of the current research, we have tried to identify the competence and skill requirements in the era of the fourth industrial revolution under the theory of professional and skill competencies. Research methodology The current research was carried out developmental in terms of the goal, qualitative in terms of the method of conducting the research, and was done by thematic analysis method. Research keywords were searched in various foreign and domestic databases. After that, the criteria for entering the study were determined and the process of inclusion and exclusion was done iteratively and not linearly. Using the purposeful sampling method, 78 articles were selected from the 305 identified articles. The validity of the data was obtained using the formula of Miles and Huberman (1994) based on the agreement of the evaluators at 82%. Theme analysis was done using theme analysis and Maxqda 22 software. Research findings The findings of this research were presented in two parts. In the first part, the skill and qualification requirements of the fourth industrial revolution were identified. In the second part, the characteristics of the University of the Fourth Industrial Revolution were analyzed in the form of content analysis. The results of the research showed that the skill and competence requirements of the fourth industrial revolution are placed in the categories of digital competences, social competences, cognitive competences, technical competences and personal competences. The characteristics of the future university, which are suitable for the business environment in the fourth industrial revolution, include professional, network-oriented, digital-oriented, qualification-oriented, project-oriented, transformational, frontier-oriented, personalized education, and learning, skill-oriented. Conclusion In the atmosphere of the fourth industrial revolution, it is necessary to create a network structure between the university and the business to regulate their performance. This regulation requires the identification of the skills and competencies required by the business, and on the other hand, the responsiveness of the universities to these developments. As a result, universities should acquire characteristics in order to respond to new developments, so that in addition to carrying out their inherent missions, they can carry out skill training as a special task in the era of the fourth industrial revolution. In this way, if the communication network between the university and business is established, students can acquire major and necessary skills as the skill requirements of the fourth industrial revolution, and prepare themselves for job creation and job selection in new businesses. The results of the research in the first question corresponds with the findings and results of Dahmani (2024), Nasir (2023), Saniuk et al, (2022), Yazdanpanah et al, (2022), Khademi Kolelu & Rahimi (2021), Genkin et al, (2020), OECD (2019), Anggraeni (2018), Ansari et al, (2018), Balyer (2018), Mohamadzadeh & Setodeh (2017), and Damian et al, (2015). In the second part, the results are in line with the results of Sadeghi et al, (2022), Buhler et al, (2021), Adekunle & Fatima (2020), Ally & wark (2020), Benešová & Tupa (2017), Devi et al, (2020), Eleyyan (2022), Jung (2019), Pham & Tran (2021), and Gleason (2018). It is suggested that the Ministry of Education assigns universities to implement the characteristics identified in accordance with the fourth industrial revolution, so that they can put the skill requirements of this revolution in their educational agenda to develop the competencies of students and graduates. It is also suggested to implement a network communication model between universities and business environments. The last suggestion is to hold various workshops and seminars in universities with the cooperation of companies and dndustries active in new businesses.

Abstract Abstract The current research was conducted with the aim of designing a proximity marketing model in electronic businesses. The research is applicable in terms of purpose, and qualitative in terms of execution method, and is based on the data-based method. The statistical population was banking experts and university professors in the field of marketing in Kermanshah province as many as 17 people, who were investigated by a non-probability purposeful sampling method using the snowball method, until reaching the theoretical saturation stage and in a semi-structured in-depth individual interview. MAXQDA 2018 software was used for data coding. The findings showed that the obtained categories were classified under the title of 27 categories in 6 main categories, which identified factors include: causal conditions (changes in the financial and economic system, advertising and digital marketing, communication with customers, initiative technology, user experience, information security), contextual factors (competitors and market conditions, human resources, local technology, culture and laws and regulations), intervening factors (restriction of internet access, technology updating, sanctions, services and support, technical factors). Strategic factor (collaboration with startups and technologists, interaction with customers in cyber space, security improvement, development of user experience, use of artificial intelligence and data analysis), and consequences (technological progress, increase in sales and income, increase in the use of electronic services, increase in satisfaction of customers and customer trust). The results showed that banks can use social networks to promote their financial and marketing goals by encouraging customers to share bank content. Introduction Marketing approach is as introduction and identification of product and service production on the one hand and customer satisfaction on the other hand as a result of improving product and service quality level. Proximity marketing is a new form of marketing that has emerged recently (Levesque & Boeck, 2022). This technology is based on wireless positioning using RFID (radio frequency identification) and Bluetooth to meet people's daily needs. Proximity marketing increases real-time interactions as well as social activities for marketing (Michael & Michael, 2020). Proximity marketing actually introduces a program that allows you to have a truly innovative shopping experience using your smartphone and enables companies to open a new direct and personal communication channel with their customers (Mansoor et al., 2018). ). The choice of location is very important in this style of marketing. Among the places where the use of proximity marketing and geomarketing can be useful are exhibitions, conferences and places where a large number of people have gathered for a specific purpose (Levesque & Boeck, 2017). Proximity marketing is one of the new approaches in marketing that tries to increase interaction and more effective communication with customers by using new technologies and data analysis. Considering the increase in competition in the banking industry and the need to improve communication with customers, Kermanshah banks also need to use new marketing approaches. Proximity marketing using location-based technologies and customer data can be an effective tool for attracting and retaining customers. But designing a suitable model for this type of marketing requires a detailed and scientific investigation, which this research deals with. Paying attention to new marketing methods is very important for the progress of businesses in today's era, so the current research aims to answer this question: what model was envisioned for the factors affecting proximity marketing in electronic business? Theoretical literature Proximity marketing Understanding proximity marketing depends on the correct understanding of proximity technology. With the emergence of new technologies, companies and business owners are also moving towards commercial use of the opportunities provided by technology. Internet of Things technology is one of the manifestations of technology that is used a lot. Modern proximity marketing has grown a lot with the development of proximity technology: however, this concept has a relatively long history. For decades, local and in-store advertising has created an obstacle in communicating with customers at important moments. TV ads may also look attractive, but they rarely fit the company and current business conditions. Proximity marketing means identifying the location of a user or customer in order to communicate with them in a targeted manner. The place where a person is located is very important. This technology means that businesses can choose when to send what message and to whom in order to get the best results and achieve customer satisfaction (Salis et al., 2019). Proximity marketing means knowing where your customers are and communicating with them in useful ways. Without proximity technology, marketing actions are carried out without knowing the right situation and moment. For example, your company owns a shopping center and you have planned special autumn discounts for customers. You have advertised, customers come to the mall and receive a welcome SMS. If the customer is looking at autumn products, he should be shown ads that match his interests. This is the difference between vague and pervasive advertising and smart proximity marketing (Gajanova et al., 2019). Marketing agencies waited until 1990 to implement systems based on customer geographic data (Gallopel & Cliquet, 2020). As a continuation of the use of geographic localization, proximity marketing soon emerged as a new form of marketing. We define proximity marketing as the wireless and local distribution of promotional content relevant to a specific location. This includes geographical identification of consumers using technologies such as wireless devices, GPS, radio frequencies, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth low energy and near field communications. Proximity marketing means that companies should send their advertising content to targeted geographic locations where potential customers have been identified. Since this is a fairly new field that, to our knowledge, has not received extensive academic reflection, we believe it is interesting to focus on this emerging marketing. We have listed three major advantages of using proximity marketing for customers. First, the real-time aspect (Sill et al., 2018). As a result, proximity marketing provides instant access to interesting information about brands of interest. Second, added relevant and valuable content for the consumer. In fact, if the customer receives information about the brands he likes or even advertisements, coupons and discounts, the content represents the information according to his taste. Third, the personalization of a global offer, which are available through information obtained through loyalty programs (Tcuentofr, 2015) or other processes. In addition, proximity marketing naturally integrates the customer relationship management approach by combining direct customer relationship, geomatics and logistics (Cova et al., 2023). Research methodology The research is applicable in terms of the purpose: and qualitative based on the inductive approach in terms of the implementation method. Its strategy is based on data-based theory. At the heart of this method, a systematic approach was used to achieve a paradigm model. The statistical population of this research included experts in the banks of Kermanshah, marketers in this field, experts and university professors specializing in the field of marketing, and branch heads. The sampling method was non-probability targeted and snowball sampling. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 experts, and theoretical saturation was achieved from the fourteenth interview onwards. Data analysis was done based on a systematic approach, which includes three stages of open, central and selective coding using MAXQDA 2018 software. Research findings In this research, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 experts and entrepreneurs in the field of crafts, as well as with university professors. Descriptive findings showed that among the 17 people who answered the interview questions, 4 were women and 13 were men; age of whom between 41 and 58 years; Bachelor's to Doctorate education; work experience between 15 and 30 years. Based on this, 17 interviews were analyzed. In the open coding phase, after reviewing the data and merging similar concepts, these primary codes were reduced to 125 secondary codes. In the second stage of axial coding, secondary codes were classified based on their relationship with similar subjects and placed in 27 sub-categories (components). In the last stage of open coding, the components or subcategories obtained in advance were placed in more abstract classes or categories based on similarities, conceptual relationships, and common characteristics between open codes and concepts. In the central coding stage, the components obtained from the open coding stage were linked together in the form of causal conditions, central phenomenon, contextual factors, intervening factors, strategies and consequences in the form of a paradigm model. Discussion and conclusion The present study was conducted with the aim of providing a model of factors affecting proximity marketing in electronic business in the banks of Kermanshah. In explaining these findings, it can be said that the changes in the financial and economic system have had many effects on the proximity marketing of banks. These changes may include changes in interest rates, macroeconomic conditions, and developments in financial technology. In the context of lower interest rates, banks may market more competitively to attract customers. For banks, proximity marketing can lead to increased sales and revenue. One of the effective solutions in this field is the use of artificial intelligence and data analysis to identify customer behavior patterns. Also, active interaction with customers in the vicinity and using content marketing tools can lead to improving customer awareness and encouraging them to use banking services. Finally, based on the obtained results, it can be suggested that the bank can develop a special application for proximity marketing that takes advantage of GPS technology and provides customers with services and offers specific to their current location.

Abstract Abstract The purpose of this research is to provide a suitable digital marketing model for small and medium industries in Iran. The research method is a mixed research (qualitative-quantitative). Based on this, in the qualitative part of the research, a meta-composite qualitative research method (Sandelovski and Barroso) has been used so as to design a comprehensive model of digital marketing. In the quantitative part, a survey method was used, in which 261 questionnaires were distributed among the employees of small and medium industries in three provinces of Azarbaijan-Eastern, Western and Ardabil, selected by stratified sampling, and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis method.  The research findings show 6 dimensions (including: marketing strategy, digital content marketing, suitable digital tools, engaging customers, converting visitors into customers, interacting with target customers), 18 components, and 54 indicators that determine the digital marketing model in Iran's small and medium industries. The results of the research show that the dimensions, components and indices extracted from the metacomposite method (research model) were approved by the target community. Also, in the ranking of the dimensions of digital marketing for small and medium industries; "Achieving the target customer and interacting with them" and "engaging the customer" are located in the first place among the 6 dimensions; and "turning visitors into customers", "digital content marketing", and "appropriate digital tools" in the second place; and finally "marketing strategy" in the third place. Introduction Small and medium industries are one of the most important economic sectors in every country (Bromand Jazi, 2021). Small and medium-sized and fast-yielding industries play a very important role in the direction of increasing production and employment, especially to maintain and strengthen the country's economic foundation in difficult economic conditions (Taghavifard et al, 2023). One of the challenges that small and medium-sized industries face in the path of becoming market-oriented is what actions to take and based on what dimensions (Danishian & et al, 2018). Also, the increase of small companies has aggravated the deviation from the centralized state towards international relations full of intense international competition (Talali & et al, 2012). With the emergence of new informatics technologies and everyone's access to the Internet communication network, changes have been made in the capabilities of industrial units, production methods, distribution and the organizational structure of industries (Esgandari, 2016). Therefore, small and medium industries are increasingly facing dynamic and changing environments, and have to adapt themselves to these conditions. In today's era, the convergence of information technology, media and communication has changed the behavior of consumers in terms of searching, obtaining, processing and responding to company information or services (Zarei & Mohamadkhani, 2024). Also, the rapid adoption and expansion of social networks have provided new opportunities for industries, by studying online content provided by users, to understand consumer insight toward communicating and using online communities. (Moradi Ziba et al, 2023). Since the arrival of the Internet in the commercial field and the beginning of the web world, there have been tremendous changes in business (Bagheri Anilo et al, 2023). Also, the complexity and intensification of competition in foreign markets has caused manufacturing-export companies to face many problems due to the inability, or weakness due to lack of familiarity with marketing technology and capabilities to carry out marketing activities (Mousavifard & Hasani, 2022). In this regard, they have proposed "digital marketing" activities, which include mobile marketing, search engine-based marketing, email marketing, social network-based marketing, etc. (Dwivedi et al., 2020). In "digital marketing" it becomes possible to provide information more easily and optimally. The number of internet users is increasing day by day. The cost of advertising on the Internet is much more appropriate. It is possible to monitor and control online advertising without intermediaries; and all these things and advantages make this phenomenon more useful (Khorsandi Noshahri et al, 2023). The necessity of developing "digital marketing" strategies helps small and medium industries to be successful in online marketing and to make the right decisions in this direction (Moradi Ziba et al, 2023). Regarding this, social networks are currently sharing a new potential for people to share their knowledge with others (Gholi Pour Damieh, 2022). Therefore, considering the large amount of use of information and communication technology by small and large companies in the field of marketing; there is a necessity to carry out a research that fits the needs of small and medium industries, which are the engines of development of any country. Also, considering that the researches carried out in the field of digital marketing mostly indicate the identification of factors affecting digital marketing strategies, and in this regard, various domestic and foreign researches have been designed and implemented around the world until today, but, no research has so far been done in the field of designing a digital marketing model suitable for small and medium industries in Iran; the main question of the research is: What is the appropriate model of digital marketing for small and medium industries in Iran?  Theoretical framework Digital Marketing: The term "digital marketing" has been referred to as a subset of "marketing management" and also "advertising management" since two decades ago (Moradi Ziba et al, 2023). "Digital marketing" includes the set of all tools and activities that are used to market products and services on a digital platform (web, mobile internet or other digital tools) (Waziri Gohar & Abdolhosani, 2020). Digital marketing, so called, is an umbrella over all the online marketing efforts of industries that use digital channels such as Google search engine, social media, e-mail, and their websites to communicate with their current and future customers. Many people today start their purchases from search engines, that is, before buying a product, they find it on the Internet and research it. It may be concluded that the old and traditional ways of doing business are not that effective anymore (Moradi Ziba et al, 2023). In other words, "digital marketing" makes it possible to achieve marketing goals by using the methods and tools of the world of digital technology. It should be noted that digital marketing does not happen in a vacuum and is most effective when it is integrated with other communication strategies and methods such as face-to-face communication, telephone, etc. (Sedaghati & Seiedin, 2023). Small and medium industries: According to the definition of the Ministry of Industries and Mines and the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad; small and medium industries are industrial and service units that have less than 50 workers. Also, Iran's Small Industries and Industrial Towns Organization, as the main guardian of Iran's small industries, defines industries and businesses with less than 10 employees as minor industries, industries with 10 to 49 employees as small industries, industries with 50 to 150 employees as medium industries, and industries with more than 150 workers are considered large industries (Orafayejamshid, 2023). On one hand, these industries can be considered as the former industries of large-scale activities (economic space), and on the other hand, they can cause the growth and especially the development of an industrial complex and the surrounding areas by relying on the economies of aggregation (geographic space) (Bromand Jazi, 2021). Small and medium industries are vital for most economies in the world, especially developing and emerging economies (Ndiaye et al, 2018). Small and medium industries play two roles at the same time: 1. "accelerating economic growth" through expanding their participation in production, and 2. "reducing poverty" through the effects of creating employment and generating income from the growth of products. Considering the turbulent environment of the economy and market in Iran and the issue of the lack of quick adaptation of small and medium businesses in the Iranian market, environmental complexity and chaotic environment; Iran's small and medium industries need new solutions in dealing with such an environment. (Orafayejamshidi et al, 2023). Therefore, a new way of marketing in the space of internet businesses in Iran's small and medium industries makes it possible to continue the activity. Research methodology  In term of purpose, the current researchin the first stage is a basic research; and in the second stage (model test), it is considered an applicable research. And in terms of the nature and method, it is a descriptive or non-experimental research, and considering that the researcher is looking for modeling of digital marketing in the small and medium industries of Iran, the research method is exploratory. On the other hand, considering that the data required for this research was obtained using a questionnaire, it is considered a survey. The statistical population in the quantitative part of the research is all the employees of the industrial towns of Azarbaijan-Eastern, Western and Ardabil provinces in the number of 810 people. The sample size was calculated based on Cochran's formula as 261 people. The method and tool for collecting information in the qualitative part (supercomposition) of the present research is the library method, which means studying books, publications and specialized texts through searching in databases (Internet); and in the quantitative part (survey) using a "questionnaire". Research findings It was shown in the qualitative part of the research findings (use of meta-composite method to extract dimensions, components and indicators of digital marketing) and also in the quantitative part of the research (analysis of data collected from the target population) that the present research model consists of 6 dimensions, 18 components, and 54 indicators that can show the digital marketing model in Iran's small and medium industries. Based on the findings, it can be said that all 6 dimensions; 1. Marketing strategy, 2. Reaching the target customer and interacting with them, 3. Converting visitors into customers, 4. Engaging customers, 5. Appropriate digital tools, and 6. Digital content marketing have created significant weight and at the level 95% confidence have been able to have a significant factor load.  Conclusion In the general conclusion, the dimensions and components and results of the final model of digital marketing for small and medium industries in Iran in Figure (5), with a confidence factor of 95%, have a favorable dependence and coherence. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that all 6 dimensions; 1. Marketing strategy, 2. Reaching and interacting with the target customer, 3. Converting visitors into customers, 4. Engaging customers, 5. Appropriate digital tools, and 6. Digital content marketing have been reviewed and have created significant weight, and at the confidence level. 95% have been able to have a significant workload. Numerous researches are in line with the results of this research, so that Muditomo & Wahyudi (2022), Pakparvar (2022), Amoli-Diva (2022), and Zamani et al (2022) in their research have introduced "Preparation of digital transformation roadmap" and "Strategy "Continuously producing attractive and user-friendly content" as the main core of digital marketing. In other studies, Shafeian et al., (2020), Mosayebi Amid Abadi et al., (2022), Hoseini et al., (2022), Foruzandeh et al., (2021), and Chaffey & Smith (2018), showed that promotion of digital marketing will take place in the shadow of marketing strategy development (developing a competitiveness plan in the digital arena, developing a digital marketing perspective), and "marketing strategy" is an influential factor in the growth and strengthening of digital marketing. According to the results obtained from the research, the following suggestions are presented:  Managers of small and medium industries should continuously provide attractive and user-friendly content production strategy for all customers of the industrial estates company.  Managers of small and medium industries in Iran should try to provide employees with marketing in social media such as Instagram, WhatsApp, ETA, etc. through various trainings.  Customer support in social networks in Iran Industrial Estates Company; Possibility of creating a suitable environment for using the newsletter for customer membership and online customer club  Using email marketing, mobile marketing, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Telegram, WhatsApp, Pinterest, Snapchat, Chatbot, Ita, Soroush, Rubika.  Using different content (podcast and video production, infographics, blogging...)

Abstract Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the provision of a digital marketing model for real estate development from the perspective of builders and identifying the components and relationships between them. The present study is applicable in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the present study includes all builders in the housing and real estate sector in Tehran province, selected using the available sampling method. Considering the unlimited population, 384 people were selected as a sample by non-probability random sampling with the Cochran formula. The collection tool in the present study includes a researcher-made questionnaire derived from the qualitative method. SPSS and PLS software were used to analyze the research findings. The research findings showed that causal factors affect the category, the category affects the strategy, contextual factors affect the category, intervening factors affect the category, contextual factors affect the strategy, intervening factors affect the strategy, and the strategy affects the outcome. Introduction The land and housing sector has always been one of the most important sectors of the Iranian economy. National accounts statistics show that a significant share of the GDP is related to the housing sector. Over the past decade, more than 20 percent of the country's liquidity has always been active in this sector. Also, estimates show that over the past three decades, about 34 percent of the liquidity entering the housing sector has entered the housing market with the motive of capital demand; and 60 percent with the aim of meeting consumer needs (Mahmoudiet al, 2017). The importance of the real estate market in the economy, especially in our country's economy, has led to the creation of the field of real estate marketing and the application of knowledge and supporting systems in this field. Real estate marketing has entered a new world in recent years, and activists in this field have used new methods in real estate marketing. This is due to the development and expansion of social networks and the creation of new marketing methods. On the other hand, one of the new tools in the field of marketing is the use of digital marketing. Digital marketing responds to changing consumer behavior everywhere by utilizing digital platforms such as social media and smartphones (Halik et al, 2021). Digital marketing refers to a broad range of practices that involve the use of digital communication channels such as websites, search engine marketing, digital advertising, social media, email, and mobile; to acquire, retain, and build relationships with customers. The need to examine the role of digital in marketing has recently been acknowledged (Kim & Moon, 2021), as the literature has largely focused on the growing interest of these companies in social media. While the focus in business models on relationship building suggests that they should benefit greatly from using digital marketing, the adoption of social media by these companies is limited (Juntunen et al, 2020). In small and medium-sized enterprises, despite evidence that business performance can be increased through digital marketing, the adoption of these practices remains low, and this is due to the reasons that are not well understood (Hassanzadeh Nayini et al, 2024). Therefore, the present study answers the question of the digital marketing model for real estate development from the perspective of developers, and identifies the components and relationships between them. Theoretical Framework Digital Marketing The term digital marketing has been referred to as a subset of marketing management and advertising management for two decades (Kannan, 2017). Digital marketing includes all the tools and activities used to market products and services on a digital platform (web, internet, mobile, or other (digital) tools) (Vaziri gohar & Abdolhosani, 2020). Housing Development One of the main discussions of urban development plans is the issue of housing production and development. The issue of housing in urban development plans includes a set of measures and policies that, with minimal cost and minimal interventions, lead to the creation of optimal living conditions in the urban space (Meshkini, 2019) and increase the condition of the durability and survival of the urban space in and around it (Habibi & Maghsoudi, 2019). Jafari Dehkordi et al, (2025) investigated the identification of customer knowledge management factors with a digital marketing approach in the banking system, and presented a model with a thematic analysis approach. The results showed that customer knowledge management with a digital marketing approach in the banking system should have features such as customer knowledge, knowledge management capabilities, implementation of digital banking marketing, training, and development of digital innovation. Finally, these results were classified into 12 basic themes, 4 organized themes and one comprehensive theme. It can be concluded that customer knowledge management in the banking system is a vital matter that provides effective communication and superior values ​​to customers using digital marketing methods. This approach not only improves the customer experience but also enhances the bank's relationships with customers and improves business performance. With the help of this approach, banks can achieve sustainable and competitive growth in the digital world. Amira & Nermine (2024) studied the impact of digital marketing on the consumer purchasing decision-making process in the Egyptian market. The findings show that email has a profound impact on consumer purchase decisions at two stages (post-purchase) and information research. In purchasing, the decision-making stage has a negative impact on customer decision-making. Mobile, as a digital marketing channel, has a negative impact on consumer decisions at all stages of the consumer purchase decision-making process in the Egyptian market. Also, retargeting has a great impact on consumer decisions at the evaluation stage. Then, information research needs to understand the purchase decision and post-purchase. Targeting is the most influential variable in the consumer purchase decision-making process. It can be seen that the most important impact on consumer decision is at the evaluation stage and this could be because the retargeting channel is directed towards a consumer who has previously searched for a product. Research Methodology The present study is applicable in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the present study includes all builders in the housing and real estate sector in Tehran province, selected using the available sampling method. Considering the unlimited population, 384 people were selected as a sample by non-probability random sampling with the Cochran formula. The collection tool in the present study includes a researcher-made questionnaire derived from the qualitative method.  Research findings SPSS and PLS software were used to analyze the research findings. The research findings showed that causal factors affect the category, the category affects the strategy, contextual factors affect the category, intervening factors affect the category, contextual factors affect the strategy, intervening factors affect the strategy, and the strategy affects the outcome. Conclusion The present study aimed to provide a digital marketing model for developing real estate from the perspective of developers and to identify the components and relationships between them. The results of the present study are consistent with the results of Jafari Dehkordi et al, (2025), Amira & Nermine (2024), Moradi ziba et al, (2023), Belma et al, (2023), Bagheri Anilu et al, (2023), Gholipour Domyeh (2023), Małgorzata et al, (2022), Khosravilaghab et al, (2022), Goic et al, (2021), and Bagheri Anilu et al, (2023). Based on the research findings, the concept of digital marketing environment was selected as the central phenomenon. Causal conditions were placed in the form of four categories of innovation, optimal management, structural factors, and convenience; and six main categories including business strategies, educational strategies, innovative strategies, planning, and monitoring were selected as strategies. Intervening factors were identified in two groups of strengthening and weakening. Cultural factors, infrastructure factors, education, leadership style, and strategies were determined as the background and foundation factors of the digital marketing environment. Finally, the consequences of the factors affecting the digital marketing environment were determined at three levels: micro, medium, and macro. Based on the present study, the following suggestions are made:  Appropriate infrastructure should be considered for real estate development.  Environmental changes should be properly considered in the workplace.  Ecological goals should be properly achieved.  All employees should be properly trained on how to produce and use energy.  Investment should be made in economic sectors.  Investment should be made in the company's capacity building for the economy.  Attention should be paid to the natural capital in the company.  Time should be allocated to pay attention to the company's natural capital.  New technologies should be used in the company.

Abstract Abstract
The aim of the present study is to identify the dimensions of the knowledge management model based on the Asian Productivity Organization Model in Fars Province Water and Wastewater Company with a thematic analysis approach. This study has a mixed approach that is developmental-applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of nature and method. The data collection method in this study was a combination of library and field studies, and the data collection tools were referring to documents, interviews with experts, and a questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which were confirmed with a high percentage. The statistical population of this study included 17 university professors, experts in the field of knowledge management, and senior managers of the Water and Wastewater Company, who were selected through purposive sampling; in this qualitative study, NVIVO version 11 software was used to extract and analyze the codes related to the interviews with experts, and SPSS version 26 software was used in the quantitative part. The results of open coding of the collected qualitative data led to the extraction of 92 initial codes, 30 basic themes, and 10 organizing themes: knowledge-based leadership of the organization, knowledge-based human resources of the organization, expansion and promotion of knowledge culture, leadership of the organization's knowledge infrastructure, developmental orientation to knowledge processes, organization of new knowledge, belief in innovation in the organization, capacity building in the organization, improvement of efficiency and productivity in the organization, and improvement of the organization's quality; of which 79 codes related to the knowledge management model based on the Asian Productivity Organization Model in the Fars Province Water and Wastewater Company were approved by experts in the fuzzy Delphi process.
Introduction
Postponing the implementation of knowledge management in the structural area causes a loss of national capital and increases costs in various sectors. Since documentation plays a significant role in knowledge management in carrying out operations, it can prevent the waste of national capital in this important and influential area in the country, and this makes the successful implementation of knowledge management in company activities essential (Damavandi & Khajouei, 2024). The latest effort to establish the knowledge management process in the country's executive agencies is the notification of the Knowledge Management Regulation of Executive Agencies by the Administrative and Employment Organization of the country, which has obliged all executive agencies to establish a knowledge management system in the shortest possible time. The Knowledge Management Regulations and Guidelines in the country's executive agencies emphasize that every person has a set of experiences, knowledge, and intelligence in the field of their job that may not be recorded anywhere and remain hidden, and this guideline has been prepared to access such knowledge and experiences. According to this guideline, knowledge is a set of learnings and experiences acquired objectively and implicitly related to work, such as ideas and creativity, skills, knowledge documentation, problem-solving methods, content of specialized and expert meetings, and project criticism, whose management should be emphasized (Garai, 2022). Due to the many benefits of implementing and implementing knowledge management in recent years, many organizations have invested in and been successful in the field of knowledge development at different levels, so that the implementation of this management system has had a great impact on the performance of these organizations (Kianto et al., 2019). This is while many organizations have also failed in this field. Therefore, the lack of proper mechanisms for evaluating and implementing knowledge management has turned this type of investment into an additional cost in the minds of managers; therefore, it is necessary for organizations to have a proper foundation before any action in the field of implementing knowledge management, to know their knowledge needs, and to use appropriate methods to meet these needs (Hu et al., 2024). For this purpose, organizations have turned to using maturity assessment models. These models are used as a basis for evaluation and comparison with the state of improvement and with the aim of adopting a conscious approach to increasing the capabilities of certain areas in the organization, which has its own characteristics based on the basic assumptions of its developers (Paliwal et al., 2024).
For this reason, the main problem of the present study is the lack of research based on the design of a knowledge management validation model based on the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) model. The issue of the need to pay attention to knowledge management in Iran has also been considered a national priority in upstream documents and development plans of the country. This is while in upstream documents, including the strategic document of the Ministry of Energy, approved in May 2013, having knowledge-based management, efficient human resources, a comprehensive and effective structure, rich software and hardware capacities of self-reliance, acts in such a way that the country is recognized as a leader in the world in supply and demand management and equitable access for all to reliable and stable electricity, safe and sufficient water commensurate with national capacities, and sanitation services. In recent years, knowledge management has been the focus of attention of the country's Water and Wastewater Engineering Company as a strategic issue. Accordingly, steps have been taken to document the experiences of experts and to place knowledge management on the list of research priorities of this company. In this regard, Fars Province Water and Wastewater Company, as one of the subsidiaries of the Ministry of Energy, should move towards knowledge management maturity in the path of realizing the announced strategies. Accordingly, the question that this research seeks to answer is: What are the dimensions of the knowledge management model based on the Asian Productivity Organization model in Fars Province Water and Wastewater Company with a content analysis approach?
Methodology
Given that the aim of the present study is to identify the dimensions of the knowledge management model based on the Asian Productivity Organization Model in Fars Province Water and Wastewater Company with a thematic analysis approach; the research method is fundamental-applied in terms of purpose and mixed (quantitative and qualitative) in terms of data collection method, cross-sectional in terms of data collection time, and survey in terms of the nature of the research. In this study, in order to explain the dimensions of the knowledge management model based on the Asian Productivity Organization Model in Fars Province Water and Wastewater Company with a thematic analysis approach, first the codes and themes of the research variables were identified through library studies (referring to written documents such as books, magazines, etc.) and interviews with experts. Then, in order to finalize the list of dimensions and components, a survey method of experts using the fuzzy Delphi method was used.
The statistical population of the study included university professors, experts in the field of knowledge management, and senior managers of the Water and Wastewater Company; who had the information required for the study. The work experience of the experts in the field of knowledge management, the presence of experts from senior management positions in water and wastewater companies, theoretical mastery, practical experience, willingness and ability to participate in research, having at least 15 years of work experience to participate in the research interview, and the presence of university experts with relevant academic education compared to professional experts are the main characteristics of the research experts. The sample size of the research consists of 17 people and they were selected using the purposive sampling method. The measurement tools in this study were library studies, interviews, and questionnaires. The interviews were semi-structured, that is, according to the personality and behavioral requirements and the interview time, which in this study is between 30 and 60 minutes. In this study, a total of 17 experts were interviewed. From the thirteenth interview onwards, repetition was observed in the information received. This means that the research sampling reached saturation in the fourteenth interview, but for reliability, interviews continued with three other experts.
Discussion and Results
The results showed that the extracted concepts related to the knowledge management model based on the Asian Productivity Organization model in Fars Province Water and Wastewater Company included 92 primary codes, 30 basic themes, and 10 organizing themes.
Considering the views presented in the first stage and comparing it with the results of the second stage, if the difference between the definite fuzzy mean in the two stages is less than (0.1), it means that the experts have reached a consensus on the primary code in question. The results show that the experts have reached a consensus on 79 themes. On the other hand, if the average of each theme in the second stage of the survey is less than the threshold (0.7), the theme in question should be removed. In the studies conducted, the average of the five themes in the second stage, numbers 3, 8, 17, 21, and 32, was less than (0.7); therefore, the aforementioned themes were removed from the study process. Also, the results of Table 5 show that the expert group members did not reach a consensus on topics 38, 44, 51, 59, 70, 81, 85, and 90, and the level of disagreement in the first and second stages was greater than the threshold (0.1); therefore, the survey on the above topics that did not reach a conclusion in the second stage will continue in the third stage.
Conclusion
The Asian Productivity Organization’s Knowledge Management Assessment Tool is a systematic way to identify areas where an organization should focus its knowledge management initiatives, and its results can provide a good understanding of the level of readiness of organizations at the knowledge management levels. Organizations should gradually move towards higher levels in a systematic plan, namely, comprehensive development and implementation of knowledge management, continuous refinement and evaluation of knowledge management programs, and maturity and mainstreaming of knowledge management, and form a systems thinking in the company. Systems thinking gives managers a new perspective and causes the needs and connections between organizational units to increase. This makes intra-organizational problems easier to solve, and employee responsibility and commitment also increase. Also, having a systems perspective and an open learning space in organizations improves trust and responsibility among the organization’s people, and this responsibility itself can lead to increased and improved performance. 

Abstract Abstract The aim of this study is to present a paradigmatic model for empowering entrepreneurial skills of people with physical and motor disabilities. The research method is fundamental in terms of its purpose, and qualitative in terms of its implementation method. The statistical population of the study is 14 academic experts, welfare experts, and disabled people with entrepreneurial capabilities in Kermanshah province. The samples were selected using purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews. The data analysis and coding method and MAXQDA software were used to analyze the research data. The results of the study showed that the model designed with 21 indicators, including causal conditions (networking and innovation, financial and legal support, appropriate facilities and infrastructure, education and skills training), background conditions (economic changes, awareness and acceptance, government policies and laws, socio-economic), intervening conditions (environmental and natural factors, civil institutions, individual and psychological factors, social and cultural changes), the central category (empowering the entrepreneurial skills of people with physical and motor disabilities), strategies (assessment programs, designing for specific markets, developing soft skills, promoting cooperative models and creating specific platforms), and consequences (increasing economic independence, improving the quality of life, and economic developments) explained the factors affecting the empowerment of the entrepreneurial skills of people with physical and motor disabilities. The results of the study showed that empowering the entrepreneurial skills of people with disabilities can be carried out through targeted and comprehensive training programs, which leads to the promotion of technical and managerial skills, strengthening soft skills, and improving entrepreneurship in people with disabilities. Introduction Employment is often considered one of the most central areas for creating social security and participation of people with disabilities in society. However, people with disabilities are often far from the labor market around the world (Norstedt & Germundsson, 2021). According to the International Labor Organization, people with disabilities constitute approximately 15 percent of the world's population, and approximately 80 percent of them are of working age. The lack of access of many people with disabilities to higher education or entrepreneurial opportunities has led to their exclusion from social, economic, and political activities (Hsieh et al., 2019). Furthermore, the first World Disability Report published by the World Bank and the World Health Organization indicates that people with disabilities face higher rates of poverty and fewer economic opportunities than people without disabilities (Mang'eni, 2021). Since people with disabilities often face challenges in entering the labor market, entrepreneurship is often seen as an opportunity for them to gain employment and income (Norstedt & Germundsson, 2021). Over the past two decades, entrepreneurship has received serious attention as a poverty alleviation approach to address the prevalence of unemployment and underemployment among people with disabilities. According to statistics, a higher percentage of people with disabilities are engaged in entrepreneurial activity compared to the general population. The reason for the tendency of people with disabilities to entrepreneurship and self-employment is the lack of alternative employment opportunities (Caldwell et al., 2016). According to statistics from the General Welfare Department of Kermanshah Province, 46,000 disabled people live in Kermanshah Province, which is higher than the national average. Of these, 24,975 live in urban areas and the rest in rural areas. Of these, only a small number, 1,587 or 4 percent, are employed, while the rest, 2,350 or 6 percent, are disabled, 203 or 0.5 percent are retired, and the majority, 27,712 or 68.83 percent, are unemployed (Kermanshah Welfare Department, 2018). These statistics indicate that the unemployment rate of disabled people in Kermanshah Province is disproportionately high, and disabled people face greater challenges and obstacles to employment and entrepreneurship due to limited job and entrepreneurship opportunities and deprivations from financial and development resources and facilities. Therefore, despite the attention paid to the issue of entrepreneurial empowerment of the disabled at the global level and the conduct of some research in this field, studies in this field have been neglected at the domestic level, and except in a few cases, the issue of entrepreneurial empowerment of the disabled and the identification of its enabling factors have not been studied and investigated. Thus, the weakness of systematic and exploratory studies using a qualitative approach in this field is evident, and this indicates a major theoretical and research gap in this field. On the other hand, studies in the field of entrepreneurial empowerment of the disabled show that a comprehensive model that includes all the factors in this field has not been conducted so far, and conducting this research can reduce the theoretical gaps in this field and enrich the research literature in it. The present study was conducted with the aim of systematically examining and presenting and explaining a comprehensive paradigmatic model. Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer the question: What are the main influential components, consequences, and strategies for empowering the entrepreneurial skills of people with disabilities? What is the paradigmatic model for empowering the entrepreneurial skills of people with disabilities?  Theoretical Framework The World Health Organization defines disability as a complex phenomenon resulting from the interaction between individual characteristics and the social environment, and defines people with disabilities as people who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which, in interaction with various barriers, may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others (Barba-Sánchez et al., 2024). Disability is both a cause and a consequence of poverty. People with disabilities are disadvantaged in terms of education and finding suitable employment, which results in poverty. The living conditions of poor people can also lead to some form of disability. People with disabilities may be of different types and have diverse abilities and interests; but they all experience a common problem, which is their economic deprivation due to disability. The adverse impact of disability on education and employment has been confirmed by various researchers, and encouraging entrepreneurship among people with disabilities has been suggested to achieve faster and better economic integration (Uddin & Jamil, 2020). Vala et al., (2023), in examining the relationship between personal and environmental barriers and entrepreneurship among people with disabilities in Yazd province, concluded that personal and environmental barriers have a significant relationship with entrepreneurship among people with disabilities, and self-confidence plays a moderating role in the relationship between personal barriers and entrepreneurship among people with disabilities. According to Mang'eni (2021), the most important drivers of entrepreneurship growth among people with disabilities in Kenya are government support, entrepreneurship training, and social support; while lack of trust in government institutions, lack of infrastructure, and lack of financial support are the most important deterrents. Barba-Sánchez et al., (2024), in their research, answered the question of how entrepreneurship creates life satisfaction among people with intellectual disabilities. They concluded that entrepreneurship of people with intellectual disabilities who have become entrepreneurs has a positive effect on their quality of life, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction. Research Methodology The present research is fundamental in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of approach, and is exploratory and data-based. The research community consisted of academic experts, experts from the General Directorate of Welfare, and physically and motorically disabled entrepreneurs in Kermanshah province. To determine the research samples, a theoretical and purposive sampling method was used. The criterion for determining the sample size was the fulfillment of the theoretical saturation rule, which was achieved after 14 interviews. Semi-structured and in-depth interviews were used to collect research data. Based on the data-driven method, the research analysis process was carried out simultaneously with data collection in three stages of open, axial and selective coding. In order to ensure the validity, validation, accuracy and robustness of the research data, Lincoln and Guba's four criteria were used (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). To measure reliability, the test-retest reliability method was used. Research findings MAXQDA software was used to analyze the data through coding. The results of the research showed that the designed model with 21 indicators including causal conditions (networking and innovation, financial and legal support, appropriate facilities and infrastructure, education and skills training), background conditions (economic changes, awareness and acceptance, government policies and laws, socio-economic), intervening conditions (environmental and natural factors, civil institutions, individual and psychological factors, social and cultural changes), the central category (empowering the entrepreneurial skills of people with physical and motor disabilities), strategies (assessment programs, designing for specific markets, developing soft skills, promoting cooperative models and creating specific platforms), and consequences (increasing economic independence, improving the quality of life and economic developments) explained the factors affecting the empowerment of the entrepreneurial skills of people with physical and motor disabilities. Conclusion The main goal of this study was to conceptualize, design, and explain a paradigmatic model for empowering entrepreneurial skills with a special focus on people with physical and motor disabilities, using a qualitative research method and a data-based approach. The results of the study showed that the model designed with 21 indicators, including causal conditions (networking and innovation, financial and legal support, appropriate facilities and infrastructure, education and skills training), background conditions (economic changes, awareness and acceptance, government policies and laws, socio-economic), intervening conditions (environmental and natural factors, civil institutions, individual and psychological factors, social and cultural changes), the central category (empowering the entrepreneurial skills of people with physical and motor disabilities), strategies (assessment programs, designing for specific markets, developing soft skills, promoting cooperative models and creating specific platforms), and consequences (increasing economic independence, improving the quality of life, and economic developments) explained the factors affecting the empowerment of the entrepreneurial skills of people with physical and motor disabilities. The results of this study are consistent with the evidence in the studies of Vafaei et al., (2021), Nakhaee et al., (2023), Vala et al., (2023), Talaie et al., (2023), Salamzadeh et al., (2020), Mang'eni (2021), Amwe & Dala (2023), and Barba-Sánchez et al., (2024). Based on the research findings, practical suggestions are presented as follows. In order to apply and implement strategies to empower the entrepreneurial skills of the disabled, it is suggested that managers of responsible organizations such as the Welfare Department and the Relief Committee pay attention to the paradigmatic model extracted from the research and its components, especially the causal factors, contextual factors, and identified strategies. The results of this research can be a basis for managers and policymakers to plan to improve the entrepreneurial capabilities and skills of the disabled. Also, creating an online networking platform specifically for disabled entrepreneurs that includes discussion forums, online meetings, and training courses in the field of innovation and entrepreneurship can be productive in this regard. It is also suggested that a joint investment fund be launched in cooperation with the government and the private sector that specifically provides low-interest loans with long-term repayment to disabled entrepreneurs. 

Abstract Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify the drivers affecting the future of investment in the Iranian Social Security Organization with an emphasis on the role of technology. The present study is an applicable study in terms of orientation, and a field study in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study is investment and income generation experts in the field of social security, and sampling was carried out based on expertise in these fields. The sample size in this study is 10 people. Structured interview tools with experts and expert survey and priority survey questionnaires were used to collect data. Fuzzy Delphi and Marcus quantitative techniques were used to analyze the research findings. The results showed that 29 drivers were extracted through a literature review and structured interviews with social security experts. In the next step, these drivers were screened using the Fuzzy Delphi method. Nine drivers had a desirable defuzzy number and were selected for the final ranking. The final drivers were prioritized using the Marcus method. The prioritized drivers were: the drivers of the level of cooperation of the Social Security Organization with technology startups, the level of cooperation of the country's financial institutions with FinTechs, and the development of RegTechs.
Introduction
The term social security within the framework of the statutes of the International Social Security Union means any scheme or program that, by legislative or other mandatory arrangement, supports society against employment-related accidents, occupational diseases, disability, old age, retirement, survivorship, and death through cash or in-kind payments (Badalivand et al, 2021). Social security is moving towards becoming the most important factor in the stability of countries. Social security is one of the vital pillars of national strategies to improve human development, political stability, and inclusive growth (International Labor Organization, 2014). The Social Security Organization of Iran, as one of the main institutions providing insurance and social services, faces various financial challenges that can harm its efficiency and effectiveness in providing social security to individuals (Alipour et al, 2021).
Revenue generation is very important for the Social Security Organization. Proper and effective investment is a very important channel for revenue generation. Technologies, especially digital technologies, play an important role in investment and revenue generation in the organization. Fintechs provide efficient technologies and innovations to improve financial services in various areas such as payment, insurance, and financing (Puschmann, 2017; Das, 2019; Giglio, 2021). The Social Security Organization’s cooperation with Fintechs and the use of their innovative solutions will lead to the development of attractive investment options and the proper and optimal use of financial resources. Given that the development of fintechs and their diversity will increase greatly, one of the areas that will be very influential in the future is the discussion of fintechs in financing and investment and their role in various institutions, including the Social Security Organization. In this regard, the main research question is: what are the drivers affecting the future of investment in the Iranian Social Security Organization, emphasizing the role of technology?
Theoretical Framework
New Investment Technologies and Methods
New investment methods refer to new technologies, strategies, and financial instruments that allow investors to operate in financial markets in distinctive and innovative ways (Konovalova et al, 2020). These tools include digital and technology-based methods that help investors reduce risks, access new opportunities, and improve the efficiency of their investments (Solanki et al, 2019). Digital currencies such as Bitcoin, Ethereum and other altcoins are known as one of the new investment techniques (Srour, 2023).
Social Security Organization
The Social Security Organization is one of the important social and economic institutions that play a pivotal role in ensuring the social security of individuals in most countries of the world, especially in Iran. The Social Security Organization is responsible for providing insurance services to various and wide ranges of society. These services include social insurance such as pension insurance, health insurance, unemployment insurance and accident insurance (Arabi et al, 2022).
Ashtiani et al, (2024) studied the future of smart contracts in the banking industry using a scenario approach. The screened drivers were ranked through priority measurement questionnaires and the fuzzy Vaspas method. Based on the scores of the fuzzy Vaspas method and considering the three criteria of expertise, importance intensity and certainty, the drivers of coordination and the level of integration of banks in the adoption of new technologies and contracts, as well as the level of integration of information systems in the banking industry, were given the highest priority and were selected for scenario planning. The research scenarios were developed based on the two priority drivers and through interviews with focus groups. These scenarios were: smart banking, integrated banking, insular banking, and traditional banking.
Majidi Khameneh et al, (2023) presented a corporate venture capital model with a FinTech approach in the country's banking system. Semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and expert grouping were used in the qualitative part; and structural equation modeling was used in the quantitative part. The results led to the identification and compilation of 174 indicators in the research area, of which more than 50% of the experts selected 94 codes, and the codes that are of the same type were placed in a separate group. The results of examining and extracting corporate venture capital factors in the banking system based on the SIP model showed that these factors include output, context, input, and process. The outcomes related to output include the creation of non-financial value, financial value, strengthening the business and continuous strategy, strengthening the ecosystem and exploiting complementary assets, expanding the identification and adoption of new and emerging technologies and opportunities. The results related to the context include general favorable investment conditions, specific favorable investment conditions, external organizational environment, internal organizational environment, and input-related results including behavior, investment, assets, and finance; and finally the results related to the process include pre-investment actions, initial investment actions, mature investment, actions during investment, communication ecosystem, risk, experience and interaction, investment restrictions, intelligent management, and strategic organization.
Research Methodology
The present study is an applicable study in terms of orientation, and a field study in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study is investment and income generation experts in the field of social security, and sampling was carried out based on expertise in these fields. The sample size in this study is 10 people. Structured interview tools with experts and expert survey and priority survey questionnaires were used to collect data.
Research Findings
Quantitative Delphi and Marcus techniques were used to analyze the research findings. The results showed that 29 drivers were extracted through literature review and structured interviews with social security experts. In the next step, these drivers were screened using the fuzzy Delphi method. Nine drivers had a desirable defuzziness number and were selected for the final ranking. The final drivers were prioritized using the Marcus method. The prioritized drivers were: the drivers of the level of cooperation of the Social Security Organization with technology startups, the level of cooperation of the country's financial institutions and institutions with FinTechs, and the development of RegTechs.
Conclusion
The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the drivers affecting the future of investment in the Iranian Social Security Organization, emphasizing the role of technology. The results of this research are in agreement with those of Arabi et al, (2022), Ashtiani et al, (2024), Alipour et al, (2021), Madsen (2021), Kaminski et al, (2019), Liang et al, (2018), Hsieh et al, (2019), Moon & Hwang (2018), Majidi Khameneh et al, (2023), Chizari et al, (2022), Enaiati et al, (2022), Zobeiri & Motameni (2020), and Naeij Haghighi et al, (2019). Chizari et al, (2022) showed that the value of FinTech startups, in addition to their own characteristics and performance, is affected by the intervening conditions of the strategic views of banks and financial institutions, their risks and contributions, as the main buyers of these companies. In addition, it was found that background conditions such as investor exit routes, the need for reinvestment, and the consequences of mergers and acquisitions also affect the value of FinTech startups.
According to the results of the study, the following suggestions were made:
To strengthen the cooperation of the Social Security Organization with technology startups, several solutions and strategies can be used that benefit both the Social Security Organization and the startups. The Social Security Organization can organize cooperation events, conferences, and workshops with the presence of technology startups to create an atmosphere of interaction between the organization's managers and technology activists. Creating online platforms for direct communication between startups and the Social Security Organization can help exchange information, needs, and ideas. The next issue is to pay attention to financial support and facilities. The Social Security Organization, as a government or quasi-government institution, can support startups on their path to growth by providing facilities or joint investment. This institution can help startups attract investors or develop their business models. Partnering in joint projects also strengthens cooperation between the Social Security Organization and technology startups. The Social Security Organization can cooperate with startups in projects to digitize social security services. For example, launching online systems or mobile applications to facilitate access to social security services is a very desirable example. 

Abstract Abstract
The aim of the present study was to level the dimensions of the comprehensive risk management model with regard to the role of environmental uncertainty and legal transparency in the banking industry. This study has a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative) that is applicable-developmental in terms of purpose, and survey in terms of nature and method. The data collection method in this study was a combination of library and field studies, and the data collection tools were document reference, interviews with experts, and a questionnaire; and the validity and reliability of the interview and questionnaire were confirmed with a high percentage. The statistical population of this study in the qualitative section includes university professors in financial management and experts in the field of risk management and senior bank managers; selected by purposive sampling, and their number is estimated to be 21 people; also, the interviews were examined and coded by the content analysis method. In order to level and examine the relationship between themes, the interpretive structural equation (ISM) technique and the Mick-Mac analysis were used. The results of open coding of the collected qualitative data led to the extraction of 87 primary codes, 27 basic themes, and 13 organizing themes. The results also show that the 13 organizing themes of the risk management model are arranged at four levels, considering the role of environmental uncertainty and legal transparency in the banking industry; and “strong supervisory management” is the most influential theme of the research; and the themes of “banking law risk control”, “transparency of macro-banking facilities”, “disambiguation of laws”, “assessment of customer credit level”, “analysis of financial and banking ratios”, and “creation of strategic opportunities for the banking system” are the most influenced themes of the research.
Introduction
The increasing expansion of business activities has caused financial relations, processes, and methods of organizational and people’s financial management to become more complex. Thus, the continuity of the activities of companies and economic enterprises must be sought in having sufficient financial resources (Khanboubi & Boulmakoul, 2020). In this regard, banking is one of the most important sectors of the economy. On the one hand, banks facilitate commercial and trade transactions by organizing receipts and payments and expand markets. On the other hand, they provide the basis for economic growth and prosperity by mobilizing micro and macro savings and directing them to productive enterprises (Giuliano et al., 2013). Laws and regulations are the framework for regulating relations between individuals in a society, and investors and economic activists regulate their plans based on these frameworks. The criterion for determining whether the performance of law enforcement officers is correct or incorrect is also based on the aforementioned frameworks (Chen et al., 2023). Therefore, if the laws and regulations of a society do not have desirable characteristics, the individuals of that society will face challenges in adapting their behavior and plans to the laws, and regulatory institutions will also face ambiguity and confusion in monitoring. Accordingly, the need for laws to have qualitative characteristics is considered self-evident (Markaz Malmiri et al., 2022).
The recent financial crisis has highlighted the impact of bank income growth on global economic stability and welfare. Regulators have responded by making bank income growth standards more effective and stringent in their rejection of bank risk-taking. Regulators have argued that regulation itself is better at ensuring optimal risk-taking by financial institutions in order to guide effective participation and market disciplines. Banks are connected to a variety of monetary and financial markets through multiple depositors and borrowers and are exposed to a variety of risks. Therefore, banks have always tried to manage their risk levels by using different methods and tools to increase environmental uncertainty, control, and legal transparency. According to the above explanations, this research seeks to answer the question of how to level the dimensions of the comprehensive risk management model with respect to the role of environmental uncertainty and legal transparency in the banking industry.
Research Methodology
This study has a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative) that is applicable-developmental in terms of purpose, and survey in terms of nature and method. The data collection method in this study was a combination of library and field studies, and the data collection tools were document reference, interviews with experts, and a questionnaire; and the validity and reliability of the interview and questionnaire were confirmed with a high percentage. The statistical population of this study in the qualitative section includes university professors in financial management and experts in the field of risk management and senior bank managers; selected by purposive sampling, and their number is estimated to be 21 people; also, the interviews were examined and coded by the content analysis method. In order to level and examine the relationship between themes, the interpretive structural equation (ISM) technique and the Mick-Mac analysis were used
Research findings
Based on the results of structural modeling, the final model of the relationship between the organizing themes of the risk management model was drawn considering the role of environmental uncertainty and legal transparency in the banking industry, which consists of four levels.
At the first level, the codes of "banking law risk control", "transparency of macro banking facilities", "disambiguation of laws", "customer credit level assessment", "financial and banking ratio analysis" and "creating strategic opportunities for the banking system" are located. In other words, the aforementioned codes are most influenced by other research codes. At the second level of the model, the four codes of "business environment control", "care for credit risks", "creating trust in the banking system" and "maintaining the health of the economic system" are located. The codes located at the second level affect the first level codes and are influenced by the third level codes. The third level contains the codes of “accountability and responsibility” and “protecting the bank’s image, reputation and relationships with stakeholders”; and the fourth level contains the code of “strong supervisory management”, which has the greatest impact on the lower-level codes. The results of the Mick-Mac analysis showed that thirteen themes affecting the risk management model, considering the role of environmental uncertainty and legal transparency in the banking industry, are divided into four categories of influential, linked, dependent and autonomous factors in terms of their influence and dependence. Each of the dimensions is also placed in one of the four categories of influential, linked, dependent and autonomous factors depending on the influence and dependence of their influence on the subject (Table 3). Based on the results of the Mick Mac analysis, the organizing themes of "banking regulatory risk control", "business environment control", "strong supervisory management", "transparency of macro banking facilities", "disambiguation of laws", "customer credit level assessment", "care for credit risks", "financial and banking ratio analysis", "accountability and responsibility", "building trust in the banking system", "maintaining the health of the economic system", "creating strategic opportunities for the banking system" and "protecting the bank's image, reputation and relationships with stakeholders" are located in the area of ​​influential factors.
Discussion and Conclusion
Based on the results of structural modeling, the final model of the interpretation of the relationships between the organizing themes of the risk management model is composed of four levels, considering the role of environmental uncertainty and legal transparency in the banking industry. At the first level, the codes of “banking regulatory risk control”, “transparency of macro-banking facilities”, “disambiguation of regulations”, “assessment of customer credit level”, “analysis of financial and banking ratios” and “creation of strategic opportunities for the banking system” are placed. In other words, the aforementioned codes are most influenced by other research codes. At the second level of the model, the four codes of “control of the business environment”, “care of credit risks”, “creation of trust in the banking system” and “maintaining the health of the economic system” are placed. The codes placed at the second level affect the first level codes and are influenced by the third level codes. At the third level, the codes of "accountability and responsibility" and "protecting the bank's image, reputation and relations with stakeholders" are located; and at the fourth level, the code of "strong supervisory management" is located, which has the greatest impact on the lower-level codes. The results of this finding are consistent with the results of research by Shabir et al., (2023). According to the results obtained, it is recommended that managers and policymakers of the banking system pay special attention to factors affective on risk in the banking system, as these factors can improve the situation of the banking system and especially profitability in the country's banking system, which can ultimately lead to economic development and improvement of the situation and conditions of financial and production activities, as well as the volume of investments in the country. What should be kept in mind is that loan losses and deposit costs reduce profitability in banks.

Abstract Abstract
The aim of this research is to study the different situations of customers' food choice preferences in shopping malls. The present research is applicable and exploratory in terms of its purpose, and descriptive-survey and correlational in terms of its nature and method. The statistical population of the present study includes food consumers in food courts of shopping malls in Tehran (Arg, Kourosh, Palladium, Sana and Iran Mall). Given that the statistical population of the study is unlimited and extensive, the Cochran formula for such population was used to determine the sample size, and 384 people were selected as a sample by simple random sampling. The collection tool in the present study includes a researcher-made questionnaire derived from a qualitative method. SPSS software and structural equations were used to analyze the findings. The results showed that positive emotions are significantly associated with high mood characteristics (such as a preference for colorful, warm, fragrant, and tasty foods), and negative emotions are significantly associated with low mood characteristics (such as choosing fatty or salty foods) in food choice. Also, consumption goals influenced by these mood characteristics can lead to an increase in positive emotions or a decrease in negative emotions. Contextual factors such as past experiences, culture, and health knowledge also play a mediating role in this process. By identifying a conceptual model of nutritional behavior in an emotional context, this study can provide a basis for designing policy interventions and food marketing in public settings. One of the most important practical suggestions of the research is to design advertising programs based on emotional states and to develop nutritional guidelines for commercial spaces such as malls.
Introduction
In recent years, understanding the role of emotions in human daily decision-making, especially in the field of food consumption behavior, has increasingly attracted the attention of researchers in the fields of psychology, nutrition sciences, and behavioral marketing. One area where there is a complex relationship between emotional processes and behavioral decision-making is food preference and choice. In the past, studies generally focused on physiological and nutritional factors affecting food choices, but today it has been found that emotional components such as anxiety, stress, happiness, sadness, and guilt can directly or indirectly affect food choices (Brückner et al., 2023).
Within the framework of the cognitive appraisal theory of emotions (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), it is stated that people show certain emotional reactions based on their mental evaluation of situations, and these reactions can determine the motivation and direction of their subsequent behavior. Accordingly, when a person is in an emotional situation such as anger, sadness, or anxiety, they may tend to consume high-calorie, high-fat, or sweet foods to calm themselves down (Barker et al., 2019). This can create an unhealthy cycle of negative emotions and emotional overeating, which can ultimately lead to problems such as obesity, diabetes, and eating disorders (Heshmati et al., 2023).
Positive emotions can lead to healthier food choices, while negative emotions, such as stress, anxiety, sadness, or anger, are often associated with the consumption of high-fat, sugary, or high-calorie foods (Brown, 2020).
In today’s world, with the expansion of urbanization, increasing psychological pressures from economic and social factors, and the rapid growth of shopping centers and large commercial spaces (malls), humans are frequently exposed to situations prone to triggering various emotions. In such situations, food decisions are often made emotionally rather than rationally. Researchers believe that food consumption acts as a coping mechanism against negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, and sadness; a phenomenon known in the psychological literature as “emotional eating” (Vannucci et al., 2015).
Given the lack of comprehensive and indigenous research on the combined examination of emotional states and food preferences in social and commercial environments such as shopping malls in Iran, this study seeks to answer the main question: What are the different states of customers’ food choice preferences in shopping malls? 
Theoretical Framework
Food Emotions
Different types of emotions, either negative or positive, have been examined in previous research, along with those evoked by certain foods, as well as previously experienced emotions that produce specific outcomes in consumers, such as customer satisfaction and product choice. Accordingly, it is thought that eating is a response mechanism specifically to negative and positive emotions. Excessive and unhealthy food consumption behavior is one of the main drivers of the growing epidemic of obesity and overweight globally, making it a serious health threat worldwide (WHO, 2020).
The role of positive emotions in food choice
Although research often highlights the link between negative emotions and eating, it has been shown that positive emotions also influence food consumption. For example, Evers et al., (2013) suggest that positive emotions play as important a role in food consumption as negative emotions. Using a study, they found that, specifically in everyday life, snacking occurs more frequently when experiencing positive emotions, leading to higher calorie intake as a response to positive emotional arousal. Similarly, Bongers et al., (2013) found that people who are particularly emotional eaters tend to consume more food in positive emotional states compared to negative states (Cardi et al., 2015).
The role of negative emotions in food choice
Negative emotions influence food choice. People turn to different foods when dealing with different emotions. Increased food consumption during emotional and psychological states such as stress may have negative effects on health. An unbalanced diet may promote many chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke (Konttinen, 2020).
Agrawal et al., (2025) examined the role of emotion invalidation and found that young people whose emotions are ignored and have poor emotion regulation skills are significantly more likely to engage in emotional eating.
Fielding‐Singh & Cooper (2023) examined the emotional management of motherhood: food processing, maternal guilt, and emotion processing. They showed that feelings of guilt prior to consuming pleasurable foods such as chocolate, lead to reduced enjoyment and even increased compensatory and excessive eating behaviors. This feeling is also linked to nutritional parenting patterns, especially among women and mothers of young children.
Research Methodology
The present study is applicable and exploratory in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey and correlational in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the present study includes food consumers in food courts of shopping centers in Tehran (Arg, Kourosh, Palladium, Sana and Iran Mall). Given that the statistical population of the study is uncertain and extensive, the Cochran formula for an unlimited population was used to determine the sample size, and 384 people were selected as samples using simple random sampling method. The collection tool in the present study includes a researcher-made questionnaire derived from a qualitative method.
Research findings
SPSS software and structural equations were used to analyze the findings. The results showed that positive emotions are significantly related to high mood characteristics (such as a tendency to colorful, warm, fragrant and tasty foods) and negative emotions are significantly related to low mood characteristics (such as choosing fatty or salty foods) in food selection. Also, consumption goals influenced by these mood characteristics can lead to an increase in positive emotions or a decrease in negative emotions. Contextual factors such as past experiences, culture, and health knowledge also play a mediating role in this process. By identifying a conceptual model of nutritional behavior in an emotional context, this study can provide a basis for designing policy interventions and food marketing in public settings. The most important practical suggestions of the research are designing advertising programs based on emotional states and developing nutritional guidelines for commercial spaces such as malls.
Conclusion
The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating different situations of customers' food choice preferences in shopping centers. The results of this study are consistent with the results of Agrawal et al., (2025), Fielding‐Singh & Cooper, (2023), Guerrini‐Usubini et al., (2023), Ha & Lim, (2023), Ebrahimi et al., (2023), Ogundijo et al., (2022), Mandato et al., (2022), Mohammadi et al, (2022), and Olegario et al, (2021). Agrawal et al., (2025) showed that people whose emotions are ignored in youth and have low emotion regulation skills have a significantly higher tendency to emotional eating.
According to the present study, the following suggestion is made:
It is suggested that restaurants and food courts design their menus in a way that covers a variety of foods that can respond to different emotions of people; especially on days that are generally or individually emotionally charged (such as holidays, birthdays, anniversaries, or days of mourning), the menu should be designed to accommodate both hedonic consumption and health-oriented options.

Abstract Abstract
The aim of the present study is to develop a model of factors affecting the success of cryptocurrency startups in Iran with an emphasis on stakeholder participation. The research is exploratory in nature and its method is applicable and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of implementation, considering the research objective, including grounded theory for the qualitative part and survey strategy for the quantitative part. The statistical population in the qualitative part included 12 founders of cryptocurrency startups, specialists and experts active in financial markets and digital currencies, selected by the snowball sampling method, and the statistical population in the quantitative part included 197 activists and users of cryptocurrency Iranian startups in the past year. Data collection in the qualitative part was carried out through semi-structured interviews, and in the quantitative part through a questionnaire. MAXQDA software and coding were used in the qualitative data analysis; and SPSS and PLS software were used in the quantitative data analysis. In the qualitative data analysis, 267 initial codes were identified in the form of 40 non-repetitive concepts and 10 subcategories, which include causal conditions, pivotal phenomena, mechanisms and strategies, platforms and contexts, intervening conditions, and consequences. In the quantitative data analysis, the findings from the statistical data analysis through structural equation modeling showed that the relationships between these categories were meaningful and the research hypotheses were confirmed. The results of the analysis showed that effective stakeholder participation and regulatory transparency are key factors in the success of cryptocurrency startups in Iran.
Introduction
In the past decade, blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies have been recognized as fundamental innovations in the fields of finance and information technology. Features such as decentralization, transparency, and security have made these technologies a powerful tool for reshaping economic and business processes (Tapscott & Tapscott, 2016). Meanwhile, startups active in the field of cryptocurrencies have provided new opportunities for growth, capital attraction, and value creation by utilizing this technology. A startup is technically any type of company that offers completely new products, services, or mechanisms in the field of growth, commercialization, and production, and is driven by intellectual property or new technology (Tyagi, 2022). On one hand, startups create jobs and cause economic growth, and on the other hand, they play a fundamental role in solving some of the important challenges of society (McCarthy et al., 2023). These companies have enormous potential in improving the level of innovation and competitiveness of the national economy (Abbasi et al., 2024). Previous research has mainly focused on technical or economic aspects, while the strategic role of stakeholder engagement as a critical factor in the success of these startups has been less explored (Moradi & Ghaffari, 2023). This research gap highlights the need to develop an integrated model. From a fundamental perspective, this research provides a new framework for understanding the dynamics of cryptocurrency startup success by integrating stakeholder management and digital entrepreneurship theories. From an applicable perspective, the findings of this research can help policymakers, investors, and startup founders design operational strategies and set smart regulations. Recent studies in the field of cryptocurrency startup success have mainly focused on internal factors such as blockchain technology (Zhang et al., 2021) or external factors such as government regulations (Rahmani et al., 2021). Therefore, this research seeks to answer the question: What are the factors affecting the success of cryptocurrency startups in Iran with an emphasis on stakeholder participation?
Theoretical Framework
Success of Cryptocurrency Startups
Startups are new businesses that seek to solve a problem or respond to a market need with new models. Despite economic and political challenges, significant growth in the establishment of startups is observed in the Iranian entrepreneurial ecosystem. However, the high failure rate in this area requires a more detailed analysis of the reasons for their success or failure (Moradiziba et al., 2023). The concept of success of cryptocurrency startups has been defined in a multidimensional manner in contemporary research literature. Success is considered to be the achievement of financial stability, market acceptance, and long-term survival in the digital ecosystem, while Lee & Wong (2022) emphasize operational indicators such as the growth of active users and transaction volume.
Adegbite (2024) studied the impact of government and central bank involvement on the success of cryptocurrency startups, and their findings showed that transparent regulations and institutional support from governments and central banks play a vital role in the growth and development of cryptocurrency startups. These factors help build public trust and attract investors, leading to the sustainable growth of these startups.
Soleimani (2024) examined new digital marketing strategies for the growth and development of startups. The findings of this study show that utilizing new digital marketing approaches can not only increase the effectiveness of marketing campaigns, but also help startups gain sustainable advantages in competitive markets. This article aims to be a useful resource for entrepreneurs, marketing managers, and digital marketing researchers by providing practical suggestions for implementing these strategies in startups, especially in emerging environments and developing economies. These suggestions include creating appropriate digital infrastructure, training employees, collaborating with professional consultants, and using advanced analytical tools to monitor and evaluate the performance of marketing campaigns.
Research Methodology
The research is exploratory in nature and; considering the research objective, its method is applicable and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of implementation; including grounded theory for the qualitative part and survey strategy for the quantitative part. The statistical population in the qualitative part included 12 founders of cryptocurrency startups, specialists and experts active in financial markets and digital currencies, selected by the snowball sampling method, and the statistical population in the quantitative part included 197 activists and users of cryptocurrency Iranian startups in the past year. Data collection in the qualitative part was done through semi-structured interviews and in the quantitative part through questionnaires.
Research findings
Coding and MAXQDA software were used in the data analysis of qualitative part, and SPSS and PLS software were used in the quantitative part. In the qualitative part, 267 initial codes were identified in the form of 40 non-repetitive concepts and 10 subcategories, which include causal conditions, pivotal phenomena, mechanisms and strategies, platforms and contexts, intervening conditions and consequences. In the quantitative part, the findings from the statistical data analysis through structural equation modeling showed that the relationships between these categories were meaningful and the research hypotheses were confirmed. The results of the analysis showed that effective stakeholder participation and regulatory transparency are key factors in the success of cryptocurrency startups in Iran.
Conclusion
The present study aimed to develop a model of factors influencing the success of cryptocurrency startups in Iran with an emphasis on stakeholder participation. The findings of this study are consistent with previous studies of Adegbite (2024), Abbasi et al. (2024), Soleimani (2024), Moradiziba et al. (2023), Radmehr & Sohrabi (2023), Keshvari (2022), Hosseini & Ahmadi (2021), Roshani et al. (2020), Kalinov & Erofeeva (2023), Nakamoto (2019), Carstens (2019), Tapscott & Tapscott (2016), Benetton & Compiani (2024), and Allen et al. (2023). Adegbite (2024) showed that transparent regulations and institutional support from governments and central banks play a vital role in the growth and development of cryptocurrency startups. These factors help to build public trust and attract investors, leading to the sustainable growth of these startups.
Based on the results of this study, the following suggestions are made:
For the development of cryptocurrency startups, several practical and strategic suggestions can help facilitate and accelerate the growth of this industry. The first step is to formulate transparent and sustainable legal and regulatory policies that help facilitate the activities of startups. This requires cooperation between government institutions and the private sector to regulate innovative regulations and create support mechanisms investigated by the central bank, so that the supervision and development of the cryptocurrency industry is facilitated in a desirable way. In addition, the development of technological and security infrastructure is also of particular importance. To address hacking threats and security issues, more investment is needed in cybersecurity and technology infrastructure.

Abstract Abstract The purpose of this research is the effect of strategic alignment of information technology on international success: the mediating role of innovation culture in small and medium-sized enterprises. The present study is applicable in terms of its purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of its nature and method. The statistical population of the present study includes 32,000 companies in Tabriz and 23,000 companies in Karbala; as a result, 384 companies were selected as the research sample using a random-stratified sampling method. The collection tool in the present study is a questionnaire. The structural equation method in the pls3 software was used to analyze the findings. The findings showed that strategic alignment of information technology has a significant effect on the international success of small and medium-sized enterprises. Also, innovation culture not only has a positive effect on international success, but also plays an effective mediating role in the relationship between strategic technology alignment and international success. According to the research results, SMEs that align their technology strategies have a greater chance of success in the international arena. In addition, strengthening the innovation culture in these companies can play a key role in global development and competitiveness. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to these factors in the policy-making and management of SMEs. Introduction Today, globalization and digitalization are profoundly changing the competitive landscape for companies of all sizes. SMEs now have unprecedented opportunities to internationalize their activities and access new markets abroad (Khosh Lahn & Ardabili, 2021). However, taking advantage of these opportunities depends heavily on the alignment between investments in strategic IT capabilities and overall business strategy priorities (Gerow et al., 2014). Although past research provides mixed evidence on the performance impacts of strategic alignment, few studies have specifically examined how alignment of IT strategy and business strategy impacts the internationalization success of SMEs (Abonu et al., 2022; Almajali & Tarhini, 2016). Strategic alignment – IT business strategy reflects the degree of coherence, complementarity, and mutual understanding that exists across the technology-focused activities of data architects, developers, and technical specialists on the one hand; and the priorities of business managers, product innovators, and market expansion planners on the other (Younis & Sundarakani, 2023). The shift towards global integrated e-commerce, social media, mobile platforms and cloud computing has removed many of the traditional barriers to international expansion (Hilmersson & Johanson, 2016). Thanks to digital tools, the final costs of serving foreign customers or setting up cross-border operations are lower than ever. With careful website localization, online payment integration, targeted digital advertising and intelligent back-end coordination, even very small companies can quickly gain global market share (Lin, 2014). Findings of the research can provide consultants and policymakers with tools to support internationally ready SMEs in trade-based economic development. Furthermore, theoretical advances can pave the way for academics to build knowledge about appropriate digital transformation paths for smaller and entrepreneurial firms competing globally. Therefore, the main question of the present study is: what is the impact of strategic alignment of information technology on international success with the mediating role of innovation culture in SMEs?  Theoretical Framework Strategic Alignment and Its Effect on Internationalization Strategic alignment allows companies to exploit information technology to improve their operations, identify market opportunities, and accelerate the decision-making process. Also, SMEs that benefit from strategic alignment have been able to advance their internationalization process more successfully, as information technology plays an important role in facilitating communication and access to international markets (Matysiak et al., 2022). Innovation Culture Innovation culture in SMEs has been considered as one of the vital components of survival and growth in today's dynamic business environment. This culture includes a set of values, norms, and behaviors that make the continuous search for new ideas, support for reasonable risks, learning from failures, and interpersonal collaboration the core of organizational activities (Salah & Ayyash, 2024). The impact of innovative culture on international success Companies that institutionalize an innovation culture in their structure and strategy not only respond more quickly and flexibly to changes in foreign markets, but also increase the ability to adapt their products and services to the needs and tastes of diverse global customers. This improves export performance, grows market share, and enhances brand image in the international arena. Empirical studies also emphasize that an innovation culture facilitates the internationalization process of companies by providing a suitable platform for absorbing and utilizing new knowledge and reducing barriers to entry into new markets (Texeira et al., 2022). Wamba-Taguimdje et al. (2024) investigated the impact of strategic agility on organizational performance: The mediating role of market orientation and innovation capabilities in an emerging industrial sector. The results showed that neither strategic agility nor innovation capabilities have a direct impact on organizational performance. Importantly, market orientation plays a key role in this dynamic relationship and thus creates critical linkages. Due to the natural tendency of innovation capabilities outcomes, it was found that this factor is insignificant in influencing organizational performance either directly or indirectly. The study has established relationship patterns between these focal variables. Furthermore, it has revealed latent patterns that help predict performance. This research has significant implications for R&D and marketing managers and provides insights and predictions that managers can use to guide business decisions. These findings help to understand the importance of applying strategic market orientation to improve organizational performance in the industrial sector of Saudi Arabia. Sahraei & Mafibalani (2023) studied the role of applying electronic marketing and information technology in the business of Minoo food industries during the economic recession. The findings of the study showed that information technology support has a positive and significant effect on the business of Minoo food industries during the economic recession. Information technology knowledge does not have a positive and significant effect on the business of Minoo food industries during the economic recession. Management beliefs about marketing basics and implementing electronic marketing have a positive and significant effect on the business of Minoo food industries during the economic recession, and information technology and electronic marketing have a positive and significant effect on the business of Minoo food industries, but no significant effect was observed with the introduction of the moderation of the economic recession.  Research Methodology The present study is applicable in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the present study includes 32,000 companies in Tabriz and 23,000 companies in Karbala, among which 384 companies were selected as the research sample using a random-stratified sampling method. The collection tool in the present study is a questionnaire. Research findings The structural equation modeling method in the pls3 software was used to analyze the findings. The findings showed that strategic alignment of information technology has a significant impact on the international success of small and medium-sized companies. Also, innovation culture not only has a positive impact on international success, but also plays an effective mediating role in the relationship between strategic alignment of technology and international success. According to the research results, small and medium-sized companies that create alignment in their technology strategies have a greater chance of success in the international arena. In addition, strengthening the innovation culture in these companies can play a key role in global development and competitiveness. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to these factors in policy-making and management of small and medium-sized enterprises.  Conclusion The present study aimed to investigate the impact of strategic alignment of information technology on international success: the mediating role of innovation culture in small and medium-sized enterprises. The results of this study are consistent with the results of Wamba-Taguimdje et al. (2024), Sahraei & Mafibalani (2023), RahimiAghdam et al. (2023), Abonu et al. (2022), Heikkila & Nguyen (2022), Hajipourfard et al. (2022), Saadabadi et al. (2021), and Wang & Ahmed (2018). Abonu et al. (2022) showed that the synchronization of technology with business needs facilitates the expansion of the global market for small and medium-sized enterprises. More importantly, strategic agility led to greater flexibility in allocating resources and exploiting international opportunities, while innovation culture helped to accept risk and develop new ideas. These findings confirm that IT alignment alone is not enough, but its effects are optimized when combined with complementary organizational capabilities such as innovation and agility. Based on the results, it is recommended: Create a comprehensive change management program to help SMEs align their IT strategies with their desired innovation culture. This program should include strategies to strengthen an innovative organizational culture such as promoting cross-functional collaboration, encouraging experimentation, and providing resources for innovation initiatives. 

Abstract Abstract
The purpose of this study is to design a model for identifying factors of cryptocurrency acceptance by investors with a data-based approach. The research method is fundamental and exploratory according to its purpose, and qualitative in terms of implementation method, based on the data-based method. The statistical population of the study includes 15 financial engineering professors and cryptocurrency market investors, and in selecting the samples, an attempt was made to select the most knowledgeable and in many cases the most active people in the cryptocurrency field. The sample size was determined using the theoretical sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect information. Data-based techniques and open, axial, and selective coding were used to analyze the data. According to the results obtained from open, axial, and selective coding, the identified variables have been placed in two parts: causes and consequences. The causes identified in the research include cryptocurrency trading characteristics, individual-behavioral characteristics, technology characteristics, and regulatory support; and the consequential factors include specific risks, revenue generation (profit), and the government’s regulatory and operational position.
Introduction
By its nature, the cryptocurrency market experiences extreme volatility. However, currencies able to withstand these fluctuations due to strong backing, high liquidity, and a broad user community are safer options for long-term investment (Carbo et al., 2025).
Meanwhile, investors are exposed to various types of behavioral biases that lead them to cognitive errors and poor decision-making. The tendency effect, defined as investors’ tendency to sell profitable assets faster and hold loss-making assets longer, is one of the most well-documented investor biases in the behavioral finance literature. There are behavioral anomalies in the markets that make investors' decisions appear abnormal and remove the market from regularity. One of these market irregularities stems from the psychological factors of investors that remove the market from an efficient state. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct extensive research with precise scientific foundations to identify such behavioral biases and clarify the various dimensions of market activities in order to provide a stronger basis for judgment and create a basis for market control by legislators and regulators. One of the most important variables that can reduce this bias and investor risks is financial knowledge and attitude. In recent decades, financial knowledge and attitude have aroused significant international interest among government organizations, researchers, professionals and the general population, because this factor can have a huge impact on individuals' financial decisions. Therefore, financial knowledge and attitude not only affect individual financial well-being, but also have positive consequences for the financial system and the economy as a whole (Molina García et al., 2023). Given the importance and role of the variable of financial knowledge and attitude, the number of countries and international organizations that are involved in recognizing and improving the financial knowledge and attitude of their citizens and how it affects their financial decisions is increasing, and paying attention to this variable can support global financial and economic stability (Douissa, 2020). Previous research conducted in this area has focused more on the role of financial knowledge and attitude in financial aspects such as retirement planning (Gallego Losada et al., 2022). However, various researchers in the field of behavioral finance call for more research on the impact that financial knowledge and attitude can have on aspects inherently related to individual behavior; and in particular, are directly related to investors' risk appetite. Because due to the increasing complexity of financial environments in which decisions involve more risk, individuals' financial decisions can entail more risk for them (Molina García et al., 2023). Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer the following question: What is the model for identifying the factors of cryptocurrency adoption by investors with a data-based approach?
Theoretical Framework
Digital Currency
Digital currencies are decentralized digital currencies and therefore do not require the mediation of any financial institution, which indicates a disruption in the financial system. Bitcoin is the first digital currency that has been created and has enabled the emergence of other digital currencies such as Ethereum, Litecoin, Ripple, Dash and Altcoins and many others. Therefore, digital currencies have experienced rapid development and have become popular assets in global financial markets, and considering factors such as media attention, individual investors, institutional investors and governments; the issue of cryptocurrency has become an important and real issue worldwide. However, in the meantime, the issue of buying digital currencies has received more attention in the field of behavioral finance (Almeida & Goncalves, 2023).
Rastegari Basharabadi & Jahanshahi (2024) investigated the impact of market and digital currency strategic orientation on competitive advantage in investment markets among cryptocurrency market players. A general review of the results of hypothesis testing showed that market and digital currency strategic orientation have a direct and significant relationship on competitive advantage.
Sakariyahu et al., (2024) investigated global uncertainty, sentiment factors, and the cryptocurrency market. The results showed that economic and political uncertainty factors significantly affect crypto prices. In addition, the interaction between sentiment dynamics, as expressed by investors on different social platforms, has a significant negative impact on cryptocurrency market returns, and this effect is more pronounced for tokens within an ecosystem. They also showed the existence of a significant contagion between tokens within an ecosystem when bad (or good) news occurs. Given the huge unprotected losses that cryptocurrency investors suffer during crises, their results provide important insights into how portfolio managers can effectively design investment strategies.
Research Methodology
The research method is fundamental and exploratory in terms of purpose, and qualitative in terms of implementation, based on the grounded data method. The statistical population of the research includes 15 financial engineering professors and cryptocurrency market investors, and in selecting the samples, an attempt was made to select the most knowledgeable and, in many cases, the most active people in the cryptocurrency field. The sample size was determined by the theoretical sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect information.
Research Findings
The grounded data technique and open, axial, and selective coding were used to analyze the data. According to the results obtained from open, axial, and selective coding, the identified variables are placed in two parts: causes and consequences. The causes identified in the study include cryptocurrency trading characteristics, individual-behavioral characteristics, technological characteristics, and regulatory support; and the consequential factors include specific risks, revenue generation (profit), and the government's regulatory and operational position.
Conclusion
The present study aimed to design a model to identify the factors of cryptocurrency acceptance by investors with a data-based approach. These findings are consistent with the results of Rastegari Basharabadi & Jahanshahi (2024), Sakariyahu et al. (2024), Bakhtiari et al. (2024), Amirbeiki Langroodi & Habibi Nodehi (2023), Almeida & Goncalves (2023), Gupta et al. (2021), Paschalie & Santoso (2020), and Raut (2020). Almeida & Goncalves (2023) showed that some socio-demographic characteristics of cryptocurrency investors and some characteristics of the cryptocurrency market such as market inefficiency affect investor behavior. They also provide a structured network analysis for the literature, which helps researchers and academics, investors, and regulators and provides relevant information for future studies on the behavior of cryptocurrency investors. In addition, it shows the most relevant factors that affect the behavior of the cryptocurrency market and its investors, and provides a basis for better regulation and support for investors in the cryptocurrency market.
According to the results of the study, the following suggestions were made:
It is suggested that individuals investing in the cryptocurrency market use online forums on Iranian exchanges to obtain information about a specific cryptocurrency in order to obtain more up-to-date information from the market.
It is suggested that a legal platform be designed for traders first, so that people can easily communicate and interact with exchanges and share their experiences of trading with exchanges. In other words, traders need to not only establish more appropriate interaction with members as the custodian of this platform, but also facilitate relationships between members. A positive user experience is a reassuring factor for the continued use of any system. 

Abstract Abstract The aim of this study is the effect of personality traits on managers' risk tolerance. The research method is applicable in terms of its purpose, quantitative in terms of implementation, and descriptive-correlational in terms of nature and method. The statistical population is all managers of companies active in the Tehran Stock Exchange. The sample size was determined based on the Morgan table as 139 people. In this study, purposive sampling method was used. A standard questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale was used to collect research data. The content validity of the tool was confirmed by specialists and experts, and Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were used to measure the reliability of the tool. By distributing the questionnaire, the validity of the tool was measured with three methods: construct validity (external model), convergent validity (AVE), and divergent validity. The AVE value for all variables must be greater than 0.5. SPSS and PLS software were used to analyze the data, and the personality traits of extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness had a positive and significant effect on the degree of risk tolerance, but the personality trait of neuroticism had no significant effect on the degree of risk tolerance. Introduction Management risk tolerance has been conceptualized as real investment decisions that are characterized by uncertain outcomes (Christensen et al., 2015). Since future outcomes are uncertain, managers make estimates and judgments about the level and acceptability of risks associated with the company's strategic decisions (Osco et al., 2024). Salehi et al. (2021) define financial risk tolerance as "the maximum amount of uncertainty that an individual is willing to accept when making financial decisions." However, some researchers argue that even if people are generally considered to be risk-averse or risk-taking, an individual’s risk-taking decision and behavior in a domain cannot be reliably determined by considering a specific context. Rashid et al. (2024) as a topic in the financial, social, ethical, and psychological domains, have studied risk tolerance in depth. Researchers have distinguished between risk tolerance in different domains, namely financial, physical, social, and ethical. Various researchers have attempted to study the relationship between personality and risk tolerance. For example, Pak and Mahmood (2015) examined personality traits, risk-taking attitudes, and investment decisions among potential private investors in Kazakhstan. After measuring personality traits, risk tolerance level and investment decisions showed a positive effect of personality traits on risk tolerance behavior and investment decisions of the individual (Bai et al., 2022). Regarding risk acceptance, research in the field of agency theory assumes that managers are more risk averse than shareholders, unless they are appropriately stimulated or monitored (Kraiczy et al., 2015). The behavioral model of agency theory also states that expectations theory and agency are complementary and assumes that managers are loss averse instead of risk averse (Mohammad Salehi et al., 2023). Accordingly, when the decision maker expects risk taking to lead to positive outcomes, risk acceptance is highly probable; while if negative outcomes are expected, risk taking is rejected. Finally, it is stated that individuals cognitively determine future outcomes in the present and choose future options based on the predicted outcomes (Bai et al., 2022). Economists believe that individuals constantly invest their assets to maximize their returns. However, investments inevitably carry some risks, as they are inherently associated with any economic decision. Investment decisions are influenced by various economic, demographic, and behavioral factors (Prasad et al., 2021). Behavioral finance literature shows that psychological factors such as personality traits, emotions, and past experiences, and non-psychological factors such as financial literacy, are important determinants of risk tolerance, which in turn influence investment decisions (Lim et al., 2014). Research shows that an individual’s ability to tolerate failures and risks is related to their personality (Mathur & Nathani, 2019). This study, considering the widespread acceptance in the management and psychological literature (e.g., Weller & Thulin, 2014), addresses the question: Do personality traits affect risk-taking?   Theoretical Framework Cooper (2003) states that “acceptability is a trait that refers to a person being more forgiving, considerate, and gentle”. “Acceptable people avoid conflict with others. They evaluate any information that others provide positively without any critical evaluation.” These people want to get along with others and have an optimistic view of human nature. On the other hand, those who score low on the trait of acceptability tend to be skeptical and curious. Neuroticism and Risk Tolerance Therasa and Vijayabanu (2015) state that “neurotic individuals tend to exhibit traits such as fear, anger, depression, and are easily susceptible to stress and are unable to control their impulses.” Also, people who are neurotic are pessimistic, depressed, and anxious, and show a greater fear of uncertainty and ambiguity. Extraversion Extroversion is one of the personality types proposed by the BFF model. As defined by Lucas and Diener (2001), extraversion is a personality trait that includes several characteristics such as sociability, assertiveness, high activity level, positive emotions, and impulsivity. Conscientiousness The conscientiousness dimension of personality is being meticulous, determined, organized, systematic, responsible, reliable, and goal-oriented. Hence, conscientiousness is the tendency to demonstrate self-discipline, act conscientiously, avoid trouble, and aim for success, followed by planned rather than spontaneous behavior. Mayfield et al. (2008) claim that the characteristics of conscientious individuals give them a strong level of confidence in their ability to manage their finances. Openness Openness to experience refers to a trait in an individual’s personality that inspires them to explore and undertake new experiences. Costa and McCrae (1992) defined this personality trait using traits such as “originality, curiosity, ingenuity, and creativity.” This trait includes active imagination, aesthetic sensitivity, attention to inner feelings, preference for variety, intellectual curiosity, and a willingness to consider new ideas and try new things. Doepegen et al. (2024) examined how knowledge management capabilities and organizational risk-taking affect business model innovation (BMI) in small and medium-sized companies. The results showed that external knowledge management capabilities directly stimulate BMI, and this effect is strengthened for companies with high risk tolerance. Osco et al. (2024) examined the effect of CEO characteristics on risk-taking in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The results showed that CEOs with high financial education and political connections and less conservatism have better ability to manage risk. Research Methodology This research is applicable in terms of purpose, and descriptive-correlational in terms of method. The population of the present study includes all senior managers of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The sampling method of the present study was also based on the Cochran formula, which ultimately determined the sample size to be 139 people. A researcher-made questionnaire on a five-point Likert scale was used to collect data. To examine the validity and reliability of the tool, its use and reliability were confirmed by content validity (expert opinion) and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. Research Findings The findings of the present study showed that personality traits can shape different patterns of risk tolerance among managers. Some traits such as extraversion and openness to experience increase risk-taking, while conscientiousness, neuroticism, and acceptability strengthen managers' tendency towards caution and risk avoidance. These results are consistent with most previous studies and provide new evidence for the role of personality in managerial decision-making.  Conclusion The results of the present study confirmed that the two traits of extraversion and openness to experience increase managers' risk tolerance, while conscientiousness and acceptability reduce the level of risk tolerance. In addition to enriching the theoretical literature, these results also have practical importance; because organizations can consider the suitability of personality traits with the level of risk-taking required in different job situations in the process of selecting and developing managers. The findings of the present study confirmed that extraversion is positively related to managers' risk tolerance. This result is consistent with the research of Nicholson (2005) and Rai et al. (2021), which showed that extroverted individuals make risky decisions more easily in challenging situations due to their high energy, desire for extensive interactions, and greater self-confidence. The results showed that openness to experience is one of the strongest predictors of managers' risk-taking. This finding is consistent with studies by Mayfield et al. (2008) and Nandan & Saurabh (2016), which have emphasized that people who are open to experience are more willing to enter risky situations due to their interest in innovation, curiosity, and creative thinking. Such results indicate that open-mindedness and cognitive flexibility can enhance managerial risk-taking. The present study showed that conscientiousness has a negative relationship with managers' risk tolerance. This finding is consistent with studies by Rai et al. (2021), which have emphasized that conscientious people usually avoid risky decisions due to their orderliness, accuracy, and desire to control situations. However, some studies such as Ferreira et al. (2019) reported a positive relationship in some contexts, which indicates the complexity of the role of conscientiousness. The findings of the study showed that neuroticism does not have a significant effect on managers' risk tolerance; in other words, the level of managers' neuroticism could not predict their risk tolerance. This result is consistent with some previous studies such as Vigil-Colet (2007) who reported a weak or insignificant relationship between neuroticism and risk tolerance. The results of the present study showed that acceptability has a negative relationship with managers' risk tolerance. This finding is consistent with the research of Sadiq & Khan (2019) who stated that agreeable people make more conservative decisions due to their desire to maintain positive relationships and avoid conflict. Although agreeable managers create constructive organizational relationships, they are less inclined to make risky decisions because such decisions may lead to disagreement or dissatisfaction with others. This characteristic is considered an advantage in human resource management or public relations, but in areas such as strategic investment it can be an obstacle to innovation. Therefore, it is necessary to use the role of agreeable managers in accordance with the type of organizational tasks.

Abstract Abstract
The present study aims to measure and scale the trans-Industrial technological model in the Iranian packaging industry (case study: saffron packaging). The method of this research is applicable in terms of purpose, and is of a mixed type (qualitative-quantitative) and descriptive-analytical type in terms of implementation. The statistical population in the interpretative structural section includes university experts and managers of saffron packaging companies, the number of statistical samples was selected purposefully as 15 people, and the number of statistical samples in the confirmatory factor analysis section was estimated to be 384 people based on random stratified sampling using the Cochran formula. The research tools in the qualitative section are semi-structured interviews, and in the quantitative section include the ISM questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire taken from the qualitative section. The analysis method in the qualitative section is an interpretative structural approach with the Miqmac software, and in the quantitative section, confirmatory factor analysis was carried out with the IMOS software. The findings of the interpretive structural section showed that the identified factors were categorized into seven levels, with the factor of “new technologies and smart packaging” being identified as the most important factor, and the results of the confirmatory factor analysis section showed that the causal paths and relationships between external and internal constructs in the structural model were confirmed by the confirmatory factor analysis method.
Introduction
During several decades of rapid and extraordinary growth of some economies around the world, especially in East Asia, a concept called technological leapfrogging was formed in the economic development literature. (Ponomarev & Gareev, 2025) The concept of leapfrogging has been defined as reducing the gap between countries in productivity and income with leading countries and, in general, convergence and reducing the difference in productivity and income in the whole world. Leapfrogging can be measured by different indicators such as income, productivity, and technological capability. The measurement method should be selected based on the research objective and the levels of study at the firm, industry, and national levels (Li et al., 2022). In addition, the similarity of production methods, technologies and institutions of developed countries helps developing countries. In research, different reasons such as geographical advantages, human capital, development of science and technology, cultural or political institutions, trade and international blocs have been proposed for convergence (Li et al., 2025).
The packaging industry, as one of the main pillars of the supply chain and marketing of products, plays a key role in maintaining quality, increasing shelf life, safety and attracting customers (Yao et al, 2024). Appropriate packaging not only prevents damage to products during transportation and storage, but also creates added value for producers and increases competitiveness in domestic and international markets (Wang et al., 2024). Saffron, as one of the main export products of Iran, despite its competitive advantage, still faces packaging problems and requires special attention in this area. Saffron has been used in fields such as cooking, medicine, cosmetics and dyeing since ancient times due to its special aroma and color. Iran has long been one of the most important producers and exporters of saffron in the world, and proper packaging of this product is of great importance for maintaining its quality and increasing its export value. Packaging plays a decisive role in protecting the aroma, flavor and color of saffron and preventing its contamination; while improper packaging can reduce quality and damage the reputation of the manufacturer. Considering the importance of the packaging industry in Iran, considering the weaknesses in this industry, and considering the technological trans-Arabic solution, this study seeks to answer the question: how to measure and scale the technological trans-Arabic model in the Iranian packaging industry?
Theoretical Framework
Technological trans-Arabic
Technological trans-Arabic means filling the gap in technological capabilities that are measured qualitatively or quantitatively, for example, the number of patents and the ratio of research and development to GDP. The policy of trans-Asianization says that we should not necessarily follow the path that others have taken; rather, we should use the experiences of others along the shortest development path. Although developing countries are technologically behind developed countries, they can take advantage of their new arrival advantages to develop technology (Liu et al., 2025).
Shi et al. (2025) conducted a study on China's technological catch-up through foreign intellectual property acquisition: disentangling the effects of international distance. The results show that: (1) different sub-dimensions of distance have different direct effects on foreign intellectual property acquisition, (2) the positive effect of knowledge distance on intellectual property acquisition interacts with the other three forms of distance, (3) the most aggressive foreign intellectual property acquisition strategies are associated with only three forms of distance, and (4) the effect of disentangling distance depends on the type of intellectual property asset and whether the buyer is in the manufacturing or service sector.
Karbasi et al. (2025) examined the role of innovation in the development of saffron processing and transformation industries. They acknowledged that product innovation and process innovation have a positive effect on the development of saffron processing and transformation industries. Accordingly, strengthening smart packaging infrastructure and digital marketing can pave the way for sustainable and export-oriented development of these businesses.
Research Methodology
The method of this research is applicable in terms of purpose and is of mixed type (qualitative-quantitative), and descriptive-analytical type. The statistical population in the interpretative structural section includes university experts and managers of saffron packaging companies, the number of statistical samples was selected purposefully as 15 people, and the number of statistical samples in the confirmatory factor analysis section was estimated to be 384 people based on random stratified sampling using the Cochran formula. The research tools in the qualitative section are semi-structured interviews, and in the quantitative section include the ISM questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire taken from the qualitative section.
Research findings
The analytical method in the qualitative section is an interpretative structural approach with the MICMAC software; and in the quantitative section, confirmatory factor analysis was carried out with the Imus software. The findings of the interpretive structural section showed that the identified factors were categorized into seven levels, with the factor of "new technologies and smart packaging" being identified as the most important factor, and the results of the confirmatory factor analysis section showed that the paths and causal relationships between external and internal constructs in the structural model were confirmed by the confirmatory factor analysis method.
 Conclusion
The present study was conducted with the aim of measuring and scaling the technological trans-Arabic model in the Iranian packaging industry (case study: saffron packaging). The results of this study are consistent with the results of Shi et al. (2025), Nayyerhoda et al. (2025), Karbasi et al. (2025), Jafari Toye & Noruzi (2024), Soltanzadeh et al. (2024), Matsuo et al. (2024), Yun et al (2023), Alizadeh et al. (2023), and Safdari Ranjbar (2022). Karbasi et al. (2025) showed that product innovation and process innovation have a positive effect on the development of saffron processing and transformation industries. Accordingly, strengthening smart packaging infrastructure and digital marketing can pave the way for sustainable and export-oriented development of these businesses.
According to the results of the study, the following suggestion was made:
 Launching advanced and automatic production lines in line with global standards; especially in export packaging according to the requirements of target market customers.
 Continuous monitoring and analysis of market developments and international competitors to predict new trends and demands using data mining tools.